UC BERKELEY PSYCH 1 FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A PLUS
◉ perception. Answer: interpretation of sensation
◉ stimuli. Answer: energies from the world around us that affect us
in some way
◉ receptors. Answer: specialized cells to stimuli into signals for the
nervous system
◉ pupil. Answer: the hole in the eye that is adjusted open or closed
for light
◉ iris. Answer: the colored structure around the pupil
◉ vitreous humor. Answer: jellylike substance found behind the lens
in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape
◉ retina. Answer: layer of visual receptors covering the back surface
of the eyeball
,◉ cornea. Answer: rigid transparent surface on the outer surface of
the eyeball, focuses the light on the retina
◉ lens. Answer: a flexible structure that can vary in thickness
allowing the eyes to accommodate or adjust its focus for objects at
different differences
◉ lens shape. Answer: thinner and flatter for distant objects
thicker and rounder for closer objects
◉ fovea. Answer: the central area of the retina, consists of all cones
◉ cones. Answer: for color vision, less of them, for day vision
◉ rods. Answer: vision in dim light, more of them than cones, night
vision
◉ how we see. Answer: Light is composed of pulses of
electromagnetic energy that vary in both wavelength and amplitude
The amplitude of the electromagnetic wave is what determines the
intensity (brightness) of the light
The wavelength (i.e. frequency) of the light pulse is what determines
the hue (color) of the light wave
,◉ The Optic Nerve. Answer: a collection of cells that is responsible
for carrying the information processed by your eye to the brain
◉ The path of vision after the eye. Answer: optic nerve -> optic
chiasm -> optic track -> visual area of the thalamus -> visual cortex
◉ blind spot. Answer: retinal area where the optic nerve exits; no
photoreceptors here
◉ trichromatic theory. Answer: young-helmholtz theory, says that
our receptors respond to three primary colors depending on short,
medium, or long wavelengths
◉ opponent-process theory. Answer: we perceive colors in terms of
paired opposites, red vs green, yellow vs blue, white vs black
◉ negative afterimages. Answer: experiences of one color after the
removal of another
◉ color constancy. Answer: the tendency of a color to appear nearly
the same under a variety of lighting conditions
◉ retinex theory. Answer: we perceive color when the cerebral
cortex compares carious retinal patterns
, ◉ sound waves. Answer: vibrations of the air or of another medium
◉ Hz (hertz). Answer: measures frequency of a sound
◉ frequency. Answer: number of cycles (vibrations) that a sound
wave goes through per second
◉ pitch. Answer: high frequency = high pitch
low frequency = low pitch
◉ loudness. Answer: perception depending on the amplitude of the
waves, higher amplitude means greater sound
◉ intensity. Answer: amplitude of waves
◉ cochlea. Answer: snail shaped organ in inner ear filled with fluid
and the receptors for hearing
◉ three bones in ear. Answer: malleus (hammer) incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A PLUS
◉ perception. Answer: interpretation of sensation
◉ stimuli. Answer: energies from the world around us that affect us
in some way
◉ receptors. Answer: specialized cells to stimuli into signals for the
nervous system
◉ pupil. Answer: the hole in the eye that is adjusted open or closed
for light
◉ iris. Answer: the colored structure around the pupil
◉ vitreous humor. Answer: jellylike substance found behind the lens
in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape
◉ retina. Answer: layer of visual receptors covering the back surface
of the eyeball
,◉ cornea. Answer: rigid transparent surface on the outer surface of
the eyeball, focuses the light on the retina
◉ lens. Answer: a flexible structure that can vary in thickness
allowing the eyes to accommodate or adjust its focus for objects at
different differences
◉ lens shape. Answer: thinner and flatter for distant objects
thicker and rounder for closer objects
◉ fovea. Answer: the central area of the retina, consists of all cones
◉ cones. Answer: for color vision, less of them, for day vision
◉ rods. Answer: vision in dim light, more of them than cones, night
vision
◉ how we see. Answer: Light is composed of pulses of
electromagnetic energy that vary in both wavelength and amplitude
The amplitude of the electromagnetic wave is what determines the
intensity (brightness) of the light
The wavelength (i.e. frequency) of the light pulse is what determines
the hue (color) of the light wave
,◉ The Optic Nerve. Answer: a collection of cells that is responsible
for carrying the information processed by your eye to the brain
◉ The path of vision after the eye. Answer: optic nerve -> optic
chiasm -> optic track -> visual area of the thalamus -> visual cortex
◉ blind spot. Answer: retinal area where the optic nerve exits; no
photoreceptors here
◉ trichromatic theory. Answer: young-helmholtz theory, says that
our receptors respond to three primary colors depending on short,
medium, or long wavelengths
◉ opponent-process theory. Answer: we perceive colors in terms of
paired opposites, red vs green, yellow vs blue, white vs black
◉ negative afterimages. Answer: experiences of one color after the
removal of another
◉ color constancy. Answer: the tendency of a color to appear nearly
the same under a variety of lighting conditions
◉ retinex theory. Answer: we perceive color when the cerebral
cortex compares carious retinal patterns
, ◉ sound waves. Answer: vibrations of the air or of another medium
◉ Hz (hertz). Answer: measures frequency of a sound
◉ frequency. Answer: number of cycles (vibrations) that a sound
wave goes through per second
◉ pitch. Answer: high frequency = high pitch
low frequency = low pitch
◉ loudness. Answer: perception depending on the amplitude of the
waves, higher amplitude means greater sound
◉ intensity. Answer: amplitude of waves
◉ cochlea. Answer: snail shaped organ in inner ear filled with fluid
and the receptors for hearing
◉ three bones in ear. Answer: malleus (hammer) incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)
