UC BERKELEY PSYCH 1
COMPREHENSIVE TEST
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A PLUS
◉ Retroactive interference. Answer: old material is lost (forgotten)
due to new material, forgetting an old lock combo when you get a
new one
◉ Reconstruction effect. Answer: our tendency to include inaccurate
information into our memories in an attempt to "fill in the gaps" or
even recall things that never happened; example: Elizabeth Loftus's
mall study
◉ levels of processing theory. Answer: proposes that deeper levels
of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
◉ Encoding specificity. Answer: The belief that retrieval will be
more successful when cues available during recall are similar to
those present when the material was first committed to memory
◉ Mnemonic devices. Answer: a memory aid that relies on encoding
each item in a certain way (like song, acrostic poem)
,◉ chunking. Answer: grouping items into meaningful sequences or
clusters
◉ method of loci. Answer: A mnemonic technique that involves
associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical
locations
◉ hindsight bias. Answer: tendency to mold our recollection of the
past to fit how events later turned out
◉ problem solving. Answer: A systematic approach of going from an
initial situation to a desired situation.
◉ algorithm. Answer: a mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving
a problem or testing a hypothesis
◉ heuristics. Answer: strategies for simplifying a problem and
generating a satisfactory guess
◉ maximizing. Answer: thoroughly considering every possibility to
find the best one
,◉ satisficing. Answer: searching only until you find something
satisfactory and accepting it, Choosing an option that is acceptable,
although not necessarily the best or perfect.
◉ Representative Heuristic. Answer: the assumption that an item
that resembles members of some category is probably also in that
category
◉ Base-Rate Information. Answer: Information about the relative
frequency of events or of members of different categories in the
population, with a representative heuristic this is often overlooked
◉ Availability Heuristic. Answer: the tendency to assume that if we
easily think of examples of a category, then that category must be
common. for example, if you hear a list of names and the famous
ones are all women, you will tend to think that women are more
common than men on that list even though in reality its just that
they stood out because they were famous names
◉ confirmation bias. Answer: accepting a hypothesis and then
looking for evidence to support it instead of considering other
possible hypothesis
◉ framing effect. Answer: tendency to answer a question differently
when it is phrased differently
, ◉ what is an expert?. Answer: Year of experience= change in brain
Uses algorithmic & heuristic thinking
Can recognize patterns quickly and easily
◉ intelligence. Answer: the ability to solve problems and adapt and
learn from the environment
◉ Spearman's approach to intelligence. Answer: psychometric
approach, finding the "g" factor, one specific overall level of
intelligence
◉ Sternberg's approach to intelligence. Answer: triarchic theory of
intelligence, three main levels of intelligence (cognitive processes,
identifying situations that require intelligence, using intelligence in
practical ways), pretty much just redefined "g" factor
◉ Gardner's approach to intelligence. Answer: theory of multiple
intelligences, said there were 7 unrelated forms of intelligence, and
it is possible to be great in one and not in another, language, musical
abilities, logical/mathematical reasoning, spatial reasoning, ability
to recognize and classify objects, body movement skills, self control
and self-understanding, and sensitivity to others' social signals
COMPREHENSIVE TEST
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A PLUS
◉ Retroactive interference. Answer: old material is lost (forgotten)
due to new material, forgetting an old lock combo when you get a
new one
◉ Reconstruction effect. Answer: our tendency to include inaccurate
information into our memories in an attempt to "fill in the gaps" or
even recall things that never happened; example: Elizabeth Loftus's
mall study
◉ levels of processing theory. Answer: proposes that deeper levels
of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
◉ Encoding specificity. Answer: The belief that retrieval will be
more successful when cues available during recall are similar to
those present when the material was first committed to memory
◉ Mnemonic devices. Answer: a memory aid that relies on encoding
each item in a certain way (like song, acrostic poem)
,◉ chunking. Answer: grouping items into meaningful sequences or
clusters
◉ method of loci. Answer: A mnemonic technique that involves
associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical
locations
◉ hindsight bias. Answer: tendency to mold our recollection of the
past to fit how events later turned out
◉ problem solving. Answer: A systematic approach of going from an
initial situation to a desired situation.
◉ algorithm. Answer: a mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving
a problem or testing a hypothesis
◉ heuristics. Answer: strategies for simplifying a problem and
generating a satisfactory guess
◉ maximizing. Answer: thoroughly considering every possibility to
find the best one
,◉ satisficing. Answer: searching only until you find something
satisfactory and accepting it, Choosing an option that is acceptable,
although not necessarily the best or perfect.
◉ Representative Heuristic. Answer: the assumption that an item
that resembles members of some category is probably also in that
category
◉ Base-Rate Information. Answer: Information about the relative
frequency of events or of members of different categories in the
population, with a representative heuristic this is often overlooked
◉ Availability Heuristic. Answer: the tendency to assume that if we
easily think of examples of a category, then that category must be
common. for example, if you hear a list of names and the famous
ones are all women, you will tend to think that women are more
common than men on that list even though in reality its just that
they stood out because they were famous names
◉ confirmation bias. Answer: accepting a hypothesis and then
looking for evidence to support it instead of considering other
possible hypothesis
◉ framing effect. Answer: tendency to answer a question differently
when it is phrased differently
, ◉ what is an expert?. Answer: Year of experience= change in brain
Uses algorithmic & heuristic thinking
Can recognize patterns quickly and easily
◉ intelligence. Answer: the ability to solve problems and adapt and
learn from the environment
◉ Spearman's approach to intelligence. Answer: psychometric
approach, finding the "g" factor, one specific overall level of
intelligence
◉ Sternberg's approach to intelligence. Answer: triarchic theory of
intelligence, three main levels of intelligence (cognitive processes,
identifying situations that require intelligence, using intelligence in
practical ways), pretty much just redefined "g" factor
◉ Gardner's approach to intelligence. Answer: theory of multiple
intelligences, said there were 7 unrelated forms of intelligence, and
it is possible to be great in one and not in another, language, musical
abilities, logical/mathematical reasoning, spatial reasoning, ability
to recognize and classify objects, body movement skills, self control
and self-understanding, and sensitivity to others' social signals
