NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 2026 PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES IMMUNOLOGY,
HEMATOLOGY, CARDIOVASCULAR,
PULMONARY AND URINARY PATHOLOGY
Kidney Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-renal artery renal vein cortex,
medulla, renal pelvis ureter renal pyramid nephron
Nephron Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-1. glomerulus
2. bowman's capsule
3. collecting duct
4. tubule
5. capillary
Bladder anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-- ureter
- bladder
-urethra
reabsorption (kidney) - CORRECT ANSWER-movement of solutes from
filtrate to blood
things taken back that were secreted of filtered by the kidney
,what solutes are typically reabsorbed - CORRECT ANSWER-glucose, ions,
amino acids and urea
Where is most of the solute reabsorbed? - CORRECT ANSWER-proximal
convoluted tubule
What effects amount of water and solute reabsorption - CORRECT
ANSWER-ADH and aldosterone
secretion (kidney) - CORRECT ANSWER-movement of solutes from blood
to filtrate anywhere besides bowman's capsule
able to secrete salts, acids, bases and urea directly into the tubule via
*active or passive transport*
what is secreted into the tubule depends on what the body needs at that
time
ex. eating a lot of protein
nitrogen waste is a product of protein metabolism (ammonia)
liver converts ammonia to urea and the kidneys secreted urea into the
tubule for secretion
,also possible to eliminate products that are in excess in the blood
-- potassium, hydrogen, metabolites or medications
can secrete things that were too larger to fit through the glomerulus's pore
filtration (kidney) - CORRECT ANSWER-movement of solutes from blood
to filtrate at bowman's capsule
20% of the blood that goes through the glomerulus is passed as filtrate into
the bowman's capsule
depends on the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures/ starling forces between
the glomerulus and bowman's capsule
hydrostatic pressure: a lot higher in the glomerulus (move into the
nephron/bowman's capsule)
oncotic pressure: higher in the blood/glomerulus than in the bowman's
capsule (move into the blood/glomerulus)
hydrostatic pressure is greater so there will be movement into bowman's
capsule
usually favors the filtrate to go into the bowman's capsule
each persons full body is filtered about every 40 minutes
, Conditions associated with renal failure - CORRECT ANSWER--
congenital abnormalities in the urethral tract development
- kidney and bladder cancer
- infections
- glomerulonephritis
- acute/ tubular necrosis
- AKI
vesicoureteral reflux - CORRECT ANSWER-Abnormal ureter-bladder
connection allowing retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureters
and/or kidneys
renal agenesis - CORRECT ANSWER-unilatral or bilateral failure of the
kidneys to develop in utero
Potter syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-Syndrome characterized by
bilateral renal agenesis and incompatibility of live birth
Wilms tumor - CORRECT ANSWER-- Embryonal kidney tumor associated
with defective tumor (WT) genes
- Tumors are typically not clinically diagnosable until age 1-5 even though
they are present at birth
polycystic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWER-- Mutant PKD genes
cause fluid accumulation in kidney tubules "cysts"
MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 2026 PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES IMMUNOLOGY,
HEMATOLOGY, CARDIOVASCULAR,
PULMONARY AND URINARY PATHOLOGY
Kidney Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-renal artery renal vein cortex,
medulla, renal pelvis ureter renal pyramid nephron
Nephron Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-1. glomerulus
2. bowman's capsule
3. collecting duct
4. tubule
5. capillary
Bladder anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-- ureter
- bladder
-urethra
reabsorption (kidney) - CORRECT ANSWER-movement of solutes from
filtrate to blood
things taken back that were secreted of filtered by the kidney
,what solutes are typically reabsorbed - CORRECT ANSWER-glucose, ions,
amino acids and urea
Where is most of the solute reabsorbed? - CORRECT ANSWER-proximal
convoluted tubule
What effects amount of water and solute reabsorption - CORRECT
ANSWER-ADH and aldosterone
secretion (kidney) - CORRECT ANSWER-movement of solutes from blood
to filtrate anywhere besides bowman's capsule
able to secrete salts, acids, bases and urea directly into the tubule via
*active or passive transport*
what is secreted into the tubule depends on what the body needs at that
time
ex. eating a lot of protein
nitrogen waste is a product of protein metabolism (ammonia)
liver converts ammonia to urea and the kidneys secreted urea into the
tubule for secretion
,also possible to eliminate products that are in excess in the blood
-- potassium, hydrogen, metabolites or medications
can secrete things that were too larger to fit through the glomerulus's pore
filtration (kidney) - CORRECT ANSWER-movement of solutes from blood
to filtrate at bowman's capsule
20% of the blood that goes through the glomerulus is passed as filtrate into
the bowman's capsule
depends on the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures/ starling forces between
the glomerulus and bowman's capsule
hydrostatic pressure: a lot higher in the glomerulus (move into the
nephron/bowman's capsule)
oncotic pressure: higher in the blood/glomerulus than in the bowman's
capsule (move into the blood/glomerulus)
hydrostatic pressure is greater so there will be movement into bowman's
capsule
usually favors the filtrate to go into the bowman's capsule
each persons full body is filtered about every 40 minutes
, Conditions associated with renal failure - CORRECT ANSWER--
congenital abnormalities in the urethral tract development
- kidney and bladder cancer
- infections
- glomerulonephritis
- acute/ tubular necrosis
- AKI
vesicoureteral reflux - CORRECT ANSWER-Abnormal ureter-bladder
connection allowing retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureters
and/or kidneys
renal agenesis - CORRECT ANSWER-unilatral or bilateral failure of the
kidneys to develop in utero
Potter syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-Syndrome characterized by
bilateral renal agenesis and incompatibility of live birth
Wilms tumor - CORRECT ANSWER-- Embryonal kidney tumor associated
with defective tumor (WT) genes
- Tumors are typically not clinically diagnosable until age 1-5 even though
they are present at birth
polycystic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWER-- Mutant PKD genes
cause fluid accumulation in kidney tubules "cysts"
