Heart Anatomy & Physiology 2026
. The trachea bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle into which two structures?
A) Primary bronchi
B) Secondary bronchi
C) Tertiary bronchi
D) Bronchioles
Answer: A) Primary bronchi
2. The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left
primary bronchus. This anatomical feature makes aspiration of foreign objects
more likely in which lung?
A) Left lung
B) Right lung
C) Both equally
D) Neither
Answer: B) Right lung
3. The serous membrane that directly covers the lungs is called the:
A) Parietal pleura
B) Visceral pleura
C) Pericardium
,D) Peritoneum
Answer: B) Visceral pleura
4. The pleural cavity contains a thin layer of fluid that functions to:
A) Increase surface tension for gas exchange
B) Reduce friction during breathing movements
C) Provide nutrients to the alveoli
D) Trap inhaled pathogens
Answer: B) Reduce friction during breathing movements
5. The pressure inside the pleural cavity is normally:
A) Equal to atmospheric pressure
B) Greater than atmospheric pressure (positive)
C) Less than atmospheric pressure (negative)
D) Equal to alveolar pressure
Answer: C) Less than atmospheric pressure (negative)
6. A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural cavity, causing the lung to:
A) Expand further
B) Collapse
C) Become hyperinflated
D) Fill with fluid
Answer: B) Collapse
7. The smallest airways that do not contain cartilage in their walls are the:
A) Primary bronchi
B) Secondary bronchi
C) Bronchioles
,D) Alveolar ducts
Answer: C) Bronchioles
8. The respiratory zone of the lung includes all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Respiratory bronchioles
B) Alveolar ducts
C) Alveoli
D) Terminal bronchioles
Answer: D) Terminal bronchioles (these are conducting zone)
9. Type I alveolar cells are responsible for:
A) Producing surfactant
B) Gas exchange
C) Phagocytizing pathogens
D) Secreting mucus
Answer: B) Gas exchange
10. Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant, which functions to:
A) Increase surface tension in the alveoli
B) Decrease surface tension in the alveoli to prevent collapse
C) Trap dust and bacteria
D) Warm inspired air
Answer: B) Decrease surface tension in the alveoli to prevent collapse
11. Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) is caused by a deficiency of:
A) Mucus
B) Surfactant
C) Cilia
, D) Hemoglobin
Answer: B) Surfactant
12. The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum forced expiration
is called:
A) Tidal volume
B) Inspiratory reserve volume
C) Expiratory reserve volume
D) Residual volume
Answer: D) Residual volume
13. Vital capacity is the sum of:
A) Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume
B) Tidal volume + Expiratory reserve volume
C) Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume + Residual volume
D) Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume
Answer: D) Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume
14. Total lung capacity is the sum of vital capacity and:
A) Tidal volume
B) Inspiratory reserve volume
C) Expiratory reserve volume
D) Residual volume
Answer: D) Residual volume
15. Minute ventilation is calculated as:
A) Tidal volume × Respiratory rate
B) Vital capacity × Respiratory rate
. The trachea bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle into which two structures?
A) Primary bronchi
B) Secondary bronchi
C) Tertiary bronchi
D) Bronchioles
Answer: A) Primary bronchi
2. The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left
primary bronchus. This anatomical feature makes aspiration of foreign objects
more likely in which lung?
A) Left lung
B) Right lung
C) Both equally
D) Neither
Answer: B) Right lung
3. The serous membrane that directly covers the lungs is called the:
A) Parietal pleura
B) Visceral pleura
C) Pericardium
,D) Peritoneum
Answer: B) Visceral pleura
4. The pleural cavity contains a thin layer of fluid that functions to:
A) Increase surface tension for gas exchange
B) Reduce friction during breathing movements
C) Provide nutrients to the alveoli
D) Trap inhaled pathogens
Answer: B) Reduce friction during breathing movements
5. The pressure inside the pleural cavity is normally:
A) Equal to atmospheric pressure
B) Greater than atmospheric pressure (positive)
C) Less than atmospheric pressure (negative)
D) Equal to alveolar pressure
Answer: C) Less than atmospheric pressure (negative)
6. A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural cavity, causing the lung to:
A) Expand further
B) Collapse
C) Become hyperinflated
D) Fill with fluid
Answer: B) Collapse
7. The smallest airways that do not contain cartilage in their walls are the:
A) Primary bronchi
B) Secondary bronchi
C) Bronchioles
,D) Alveolar ducts
Answer: C) Bronchioles
8. The respiratory zone of the lung includes all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Respiratory bronchioles
B) Alveolar ducts
C) Alveoli
D) Terminal bronchioles
Answer: D) Terminal bronchioles (these are conducting zone)
9. Type I alveolar cells are responsible for:
A) Producing surfactant
B) Gas exchange
C) Phagocytizing pathogens
D) Secreting mucus
Answer: B) Gas exchange
10. Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant, which functions to:
A) Increase surface tension in the alveoli
B) Decrease surface tension in the alveoli to prevent collapse
C) Trap dust and bacteria
D) Warm inspired air
Answer: B) Decrease surface tension in the alveoli to prevent collapse
11. Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) is caused by a deficiency of:
A) Mucus
B) Surfactant
C) Cilia
, D) Hemoglobin
Answer: B) Surfactant
12. The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum forced expiration
is called:
A) Tidal volume
B) Inspiratory reserve volume
C) Expiratory reserve volume
D) Residual volume
Answer: D) Residual volume
13. Vital capacity is the sum of:
A) Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume
B) Tidal volume + Expiratory reserve volume
C) Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume + Residual volume
D) Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume
Answer: D) Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume
14. Total lung capacity is the sum of vital capacity and:
A) Tidal volume
B) Inspiratory reserve volume
C) Expiratory reserve volume
D) Residual volume
Answer: D) Residual volume
15. Minute ventilation is calculated as:
A) Tidal volume × Respiratory rate
B) Vital capacity × Respiratory rate
