NUR-641E ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
PREP 2026/2027
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one adult cell type by
another adult cell type, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change from ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous
epithelium in the airways of smokers.
2. In the context of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the primary
function of Angiotensin II?
A. Promotion of sodium excretion
B. Vasodilation of peripheral vessels
,C. Inhibition of ADH release
D. Potent vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone secretion
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the
adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, which leads to sodium and water retention.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies and involves the
release of histamine from mast cells?
A. Type IV
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type I
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction
involving IgE binding to mast cells, triggering degranulation.
4. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
A. Demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system
B. Destruction of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
C. Depletion of dopamine in the substantia nigra
, D. Accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques in the cerebral cortex
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by
inflammation and demyelination within the CNS.
5. Which hormone is secreted in excess in patients with SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate
Antidiuretic Hormone)?
A. Aldosterone
B. Glucagon
C. Cortisol
D. Vasopressin
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH involves the excessive release of ADH (Vasopressin),
leading to water retention and hyponatremia.
6. A patient with chronic renal failure often develops anemia primarily due to a deficiency in
which substance?
A. Iron
B. Erythropoietin
C. Vitamin B12
D. Folic acid
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
PREP 2026/2027
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one adult cell type by
another adult cell type, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change from ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous
epithelium in the airways of smokers.
2. In the context of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the primary
function of Angiotensin II?
A. Promotion of sodium excretion
B. Vasodilation of peripheral vessels
,C. Inhibition of ADH release
D. Potent vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone secretion
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the
adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, which leads to sodium and water retention.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies and involves the
release of histamine from mast cells?
A. Type IV
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type I
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction
involving IgE binding to mast cells, triggering degranulation.
4. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
A. Demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system
B. Destruction of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
C. Depletion of dopamine in the substantia nigra
, D. Accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques in the cerebral cortex
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by
inflammation and demyelination within the CNS.
5. Which hormone is secreted in excess in patients with SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate
Antidiuretic Hormone)?
A. Aldosterone
B. Glucagon
C. Cortisol
D. Vasopressin
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH involves the excessive release of ADH (Vasopressin),
leading to water retention and hyponatremia.
6. A patient with chronic renal failure often develops anemia primarily due to a deficiency in
which substance?
A. Iron
B. Erythropoietin
C. Vitamin B12
D. Folic acid
