NUR-641E ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
COMPREHENSIVE PREP
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often as a response to chronic irritation?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change in bronchial lining due to smoking.
2. Which process involves the programmed cell death that is essential for removing damaged
or unnecessary cells without eliciting an inflammatory response?
A. Necrosis
B. Pyoptosis
C. Autolysis
,D. Apoptosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is programmed cell death, distinct from necrosis
which involves cell swelling and inflammation.
3. A patient presents with arterial blood gas results: pH 7.28, PaCO2 55 mmHg, and HCO3 26
mEq/L. Which acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Respiratory Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Acidosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A low pH (<7.35) combined with a high PaCO2 (>45 mmHg)
indicates respiratory acidosis.
4. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which hormone is primarily
responsible for increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?
A. Angiotensin II
B. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
C. Renin
D. Aldosterone
, Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, acts on the distal
tubules to reabsorb sodium and water.
5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies and involves the
release of histamine from mast cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction
mediated by IgE and mast cell degranulation.
6. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) experiences tissue damage due to
immune complex deposition. This is an example of which hypersensitivity?
A. Type I
B. Type III
C. Type II
D. Type IV
Answer: B
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
COMPREHENSIVE PREP
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often as a response to chronic irritation?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change in bronchial lining due to smoking.
2. Which process involves the programmed cell death that is essential for removing damaged
or unnecessary cells without eliciting an inflammatory response?
A. Necrosis
B. Pyoptosis
C. Autolysis
,D. Apoptosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is programmed cell death, distinct from necrosis
which involves cell swelling and inflammation.
3. A patient presents with arterial blood gas results: pH 7.28, PaCO2 55 mmHg, and HCO3 26
mEq/L. Which acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Respiratory Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Acidosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A low pH (<7.35) combined with a high PaCO2 (>45 mmHg)
indicates respiratory acidosis.
4. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which hormone is primarily
responsible for increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?
A. Angiotensin II
B. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
C. Renin
D. Aldosterone
, Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, acts on the distal
tubules to reabsorb sodium and water.
5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies and involves the
release of histamine from mast cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction
mediated by IgE and mast cell degranulation.
6. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) experiences tissue damage due to
immune complex deposition. This is an example of which hypersensitivity?
A. Type I
B. Type III
C. Type II
D. Type IV
Answer: B
