NU 621 Advance Pathophysiology Final Exam 30 Review Questions and answers
2026/27 Update - Herzing University
• Question 1
The echocardiogram you obtained on a 65-year-old female revealed characteristics of
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy. The pathophysiology that explains her
symptoms of syncope, dyspnea, and worsening fatigue include:
Absence of heart murmurs.
Answers: Ectatic aorta
Hypertrophied interventricular septum
Large pericardial effusion
• Question 2
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C have a common mode of transmission, which is:
Fecal
Answers: Oral
Parenteral
Fecal-oral and sexual
• Question 3
When antigens are administered to produce immunity, different routes of administration are
considered because:
Guide NU 621 Advance Pathophysiology Final Exam 2026
, Answers: Different routes allow the speed of onset of the antigen to be varied, with the
intravenous route being the fastest.
Some individuals appear to be unable to respond to an antigen by a specific
route, thus requiring the availability of different routes for the same antigen.
Antigen-presenting cells are highly specialized and thus require stimulation by
different routes.
Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue, resulting in
different types of cellular and humoral immunity.
• Question 4
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the
cell because:
Answers: Plasma proteins enter the cell.
The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)–driven pump is stronger during
hypoxia.
Sodium chloride leaves the cell.
Calcium and water enter the cell and disrupt protein synthesis.
• Question 5
What is usually the first clinical manifestation of breast cancer?
Answers: Nipple dimpling
Nipple discharge
Enlargement of one breast
Painless lump
• Question 6
Guide NU 621 Advance Pathophysiology Final Exam 2026
2026/27 Update - Herzing University
• Question 1
The echocardiogram you obtained on a 65-year-old female revealed characteristics of
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy. The pathophysiology that explains her
symptoms of syncope, dyspnea, and worsening fatigue include:
Absence of heart murmurs.
Answers: Ectatic aorta
Hypertrophied interventricular septum
Large pericardial effusion
• Question 2
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C have a common mode of transmission, which is:
Fecal
Answers: Oral
Parenteral
Fecal-oral and sexual
• Question 3
When antigens are administered to produce immunity, different routes of administration are
considered because:
Guide NU 621 Advance Pathophysiology Final Exam 2026
, Answers: Different routes allow the speed of onset of the antigen to be varied, with the
intravenous route being the fastest.
Some individuals appear to be unable to respond to an antigen by a specific
route, thus requiring the availability of different routes for the same antigen.
Antigen-presenting cells are highly specialized and thus require stimulation by
different routes.
Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue, resulting in
different types of cellular and humoral immunity.
• Question 4
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the
cell because:
Answers: Plasma proteins enter the cell.
The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)–driven pump is stronger during
hypoxia.
Sodium chloride leaves the cell.
Calcium and water enter the cell and disrupt protein synthesis.
• Question 5
What is usually the first clinical manifestation of breast cancer?
Answers: Nipple dimpling
Nipple discharge
Enlargement of one breast
Painless lump
• Question 6
Guide NU 621 Advance Pathophysiology Final Exam 2026
