Gms 5057 - Medical Cell Biology - Test 1 Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update 2026

GMS 5057 - MEDICAL CELL BIOLOGY - TEST 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Definition of templated polymerization - Answers DNA is split apart and each strand is used as a template when being replicated or during transcription. What are regulatory DNA - Answers They are genes that control when, where, and how much genes are expressed Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that sexually reproduce arise from - Answers single cell (zygote) Cell function - Answers interpret hereditary DNA and express information to coordinate synthesis of molecules that assemble into complex structures that form more cells. Monomers of DNA and RNA - Answers Nucleotide components of a nucleotide - Answers sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base The backbone of a nucleotide has what types of chemical bonds - Answers covalent The nucleotide bases interact with eachother via what types of bonds - Answers Hydrogen Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - Answers - DNA - RNA - Protein - Genes in DNA and hereditary information is expressed. What are enzymes - Answers proteins with catalytic sites that catalyze specific chemical reactions Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of polysaccharides in bacterial cell walls - Answers Lysozyme Main currency for energy in cells - Answers ATP What structural part of the phospholipid bilayer prevents the passive diffusion of hydrophilic substances - Answers hydrophobic core Amphipathic - Answers having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region Liposome - Answers Phospholipid bilayer that forms an aqueous compartment as a result of phospholipids being submerged into water. What are the two groups of prokaryotes - Answers Bacteria and Archaea What are the three branches of the tree of life - Answers Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Sequence conservation in rRNA genes among various species including human suggest what? - Answers life originated from an ancestral cell. What are three ways that new genes can arise - Answers Intragenic mutation Gene duplication DNA segment shuffling Examples of mutations - Answers nucleotide changes, deletions, and insertions Horizontal gene transfer - Answers - transfer of DNA between different organisms (particularly in bacterial species and rarely in eukaryotic species). Vertical gene transfer - Answers parent to progeny Gene family - Answers Genes that share related sequences and functions Largest family of genes - Answers ABC transporters ABC transporters - Answers - ATP-binding cassette transporters - Transporters that use ATP as energy to perform various functions. homologous genes - Answers two or more genes derived from the same ancestral gene Orthologs - Answers Homologous genes with a common ancestor in different species due to a speciation event. Paralogs - Answers Homologous genes with a common ancestor in the same species, usually due to gene duplication and divergence. Viruses that infect bacterial cells - Answers bacteriophages Mutant analysis - Answers using mutants to understand how a biological process normally works Mitochondrion origin - Answers An ancient eukaryotic precursor cell engulfed a bacterial cell and became a host for the bacterial cell. A symbiotic relationship was formed. Human cells have hybrid genomes including: - Answers Nuclear and mitochondrial c-KIT - Answers Cellular receptor tyrosine kinase. Phosphorylates tyrosines on certain cytosolic proteins. Regulates function and migration of melanocytes in skin. Piebaldism - Answers Absence of melanocytes in areas of skin that have less pigmentation. What elements make of most mass of cells? - Answers CHON What types of bonds have the highest strength - Answers Covalent What types of bonds have the highest specificity - Answers non-covalent What is the difference between electrostatic/ionic bonds and other non-covalent bonds? - Answers there is no partial charges, or sharing of electrons. Ionic bonds are the interactions between two fully charged atoms. Water dissolves what types of molecules - Answers hydrophilic that are polar and charged. Amphiphilic - Answers molecule possessing a polar or charged area that likes water and a nonpolar or uncharged area that does not like water. Which part of the fatty acid is hydrophilic? - Answers Head (carboxylic acid) Which part of the fatty acid is hydrophobic? - Answers Tail (hydrocarbon) Micelle vs Liposome - Answers Micelle is not a bilayer and does not have an internal aqueous environment like a liposome. pH - Answers negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration in moles/L What are the main families of small organic molecules - Answers Amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides, sugars Macromolecules formed after polymerization of monomers - Answers Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates (polysaccharides) Most macromolecules form by what type of reaction - Answers Condensation Macromolecules are broken down with what type of reaction - Answers hydrolysis Monomers are linked together to form polymers with what types of chemical bonds - Answers Covalent Macromolecules form 3D shapes with what types of chemical bonds? - Answers Noncovalent bonds Metabolism - Answers All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism. Combination of catabolic and anabolic reactions. Catabolism - Answers Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy in the form of heat. Anabolism - Answers Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy. These reactions utilize the heat energy released by catabolic pathways. Catabolic reactions are energetically favorable because they __________ disorder - Answers increase Anabolic pathways utilize energy released from catabolic reactions to synthesize new molecules and _______________________ order. - Answers Increase Most of the sugars consumed by people are synthesized by what process in plants? - Answers Photosynthesis Cellular respiration - Answers Releasing the stored energy in sugars to generate ATP (cellular currency). Oxidation - Answers Loss of electrons Reduction - Answers gain of electrons Oxidizing agent - Answers Molecule that induces oxidation. An electron acceptor in a rxn (NAD+) Reducing agent - Answers Molecule that induces a reduction. An electron donor in a rxn (NADPH). How do enzymes work - Answers lower activation energy to increase the rate of reactions. Active site of an enzyme - Answers pocket that specifically binds substrate What types of interactions tightly bind the substrate to the active site - Answers Noncovalent interactions What type of reaction occurs at the enzyme-substrate complex - Answers Catalysis Reduction molecules that act as reducing agents and are widely used as electron carrying molecules in cells. - Answers NADH and NADPH NADH is formed in what types of reactions - Answers Catabolic The proton in NADH is used in what types of reactions - Answers Anabolic Glycolysis - Answers The oxidation of glucose to (2) pyruvic acid. Produces ATP and NADH Glycolysis occurs where - Answers cytoplasm What are the products of glycolysis - Answers 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Where does the Krebs cycle occur? - Answers mitochondrial matrix Pyruvate reacts with oxaloacetate to form - Answers acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA is oxidized to __________ and ________ in the Krebs cycle - Answers CO2 and H2O Products of the Krebs cycle total after both Pyruvate - Answers 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP What is the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain - Answers Oxygen Most cellular ATP is generated in a process called - Answers Oxidative phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation - Answers High energy electrons from NADH move through the ETC to form a proton gradient that is converted into ATP by chemiosmotic coupling. Major cause of ATP depletion - Answers Ischemia (low blood supply) Most cells compensate for ischemia by - Answers up-regulating glycolysis leading to increased lactate production. Effects of long term ischemia - Answers irreversible cell damage and necrotic cell death. First amino acid is positioned at which terminus? - Answers N (amine) Last amino acid is located at which terminus? - Answers C (carboxyl) Acidic amino acids - Answers aspartic acid, glutamic acid basic amino acids - Answers lysine, arginine, histidine How many different amino acids are found in proteins - Answers 20 4 families of amino acids - Answers acidic, basic, uncharged polar, nonpolar Structure of an amino acid - Answers an amino group, a carboxyl group, alpha carbon and a R group (varies for each amino acid) Bonds between amino acids to form a protein are called - Answers peptide bonds Peptide bonds are formed in what types of reactions - Answers condensation True or False: there is no rotation around the C-N bond in an amino acid but alpha carbon bonds are flexible. - Answers True Primary protein structure - Answers linear sequence of amino acids What happens to hydrophobic/nonpolar side chains in amino acids during protein folding? - Answers They fold in on eachother and face the interior. Secondary structure - Answers Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet. Occurs as hydrogen bonds interact with amide groups on the protein backbone. Tertiary protein structure - Answers folded form of domain and or protein. Occurs when non-covalent intermolecular interactions happen between the amino acid side chains of the polypeptide. Protein domain - Answers distinct functional and/or structural units in a protein. Quaternary structure - Answers stable interaction between 2 or more proteins Coiled coil - Answers 2 alpha helices with stripe of hydrophobic side chains wrap around each other to hide the hydrophobic stripe from water. Protein polymerization - Answers Proteins that are assembled together to form higher order structures or form filaments--such as cytoskeletal elements. Disulfide bonds occur with the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups on what amino acid - Answers Cysteine True or False: Disulfide bridges can be interchain or intrachain - Answers T Disulfide bridges don't normally occur in the cytoplasm because why? - Answers Cytoplasm is a reducing region and disulfide bridges are oxidation rxns. What are the three types of protein-protein interactions - Answers 1. Surface-string 2. Helix-Helix 3. Surface-Surface (most common)