California Baptist University NUR 555 advanced pathophysiology -
EXAM 1 || Possible Questions Accurately Answered.
1. What are the 8 primary functions of the cell? correct answers 1. Movement
2. Metabolic Absorption
3. Communication
4. Conductivity
5. Respiration
6. Reproduction
7.Excretion
8.Secretion
2. What makes up the plasma membrane? correct answers A: Bilayer of lipids and proteins not
uniformly distributed.
aka: Phospholipid Bilayer.
3.What organic compounds are involved in active transport in the cell membrane? correct
answers ATP
and
Transporter proteins
4. What is paracrine signaling? correct answers A: cells secrete (to another cell) local chemical
mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized.
,4. What is autocrine signaling? correct answers A. when the cell responds to its own mediators
that it secreted.
(cancer cells use this type of signaling to promote their own growth and proliferation, but normal
cells do this also).
4. What is hormonal signaling? correct answers A. specialized endocrine cells secrete chemicals
(hormones) that travel to another set of cells to product a response; one set of cells secrete
hormones, travel through the tissue and bloodstream, to another set of cells.
4. What is neurohormonal signaling? correct answers A. when neurosecretory neurons secrete
hormones (e.g. angiotensin II) into the blood stream.
Like endocrine cells, neurosecretory neurons release blood-borne chemical messengers, whereas
ordinary neurons secrete short-range neurotransmitters into a small, discrete space (i.e., synapse).
4. What is neurotransmitter signaling? correct answers A. ordinary neurons communicate directly
with the cells they innervate by releasing neurotransmitter at specialized junctions called
chemical synapses; the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the
postsynaptic target cell.
5. What is hypoxia? correct answers Lack of sufficient oxygen
5. What occurs to the cell during hypoxic injury? correct answers Decrease in ATP, causing
failure of the Na+/K+ pump and sodium-calcium exchange. Cellular swelling then occurs.
5. What is reperfusion injury? correct answers Injury caused by restoration of oxygen. Results
from generation of highly reactive oxygen intermediates such as H2O2 (Free radical)
5.What are free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS)—oxidative stress? correct answers
Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Result in membrane
damage
, 5. What organ system is primarily affected in lead toxicity ? How is this treated? correct answers
Central and Peripheral nervous system
Tx is chelation therapy
5. How does Carbon Monoxide affect the body's O2 carrying capacity? correct answers CO's
affinity for hemoglobin is 200 times greater than that of oxygen; it quickly binds with the
hemoglobin, preventing oxygen molecules from doing so.
5. What are 2 major potential sources of mercury poisoning? correct answers fish and dental
amalgams.
5. Who especially should be advised to avoid fish with high mercury content? correct answers
Pregnant women, nursing mothers, and young children.
5. What occurs in the body during sudden changes in atmospheric pressure , specifically as seen
in Diver's disease (aka "The Bends")? correct answers Nitrogen in the lungs forms bubbles that
make their way into the bloodstream , lodging themselves in spaces in the body.
6. What is osmosis? correct answers A. the movement of water through, a semi-permeable
membrane, from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.
ex:hydrostatic pressure from the heart causes fluids to move out into the interstitial space, and
oncotic pressure pulls water back in
6. What is diffusion? correct answers A. the movement of solutes from a higher concentration to
a lower concentration.
ex: solutes can be electrolytes, glucose, urea, creatinine
EXAM 1 || Possible Questions Accurately Answered.
1. What are the 8 primary functions of the cell? correct answers 1. Movement
2. Metabolic Absorption
3. Communication
4. Conductivity
5. Respiration
6. Reproduction
7.Excretion
8.Secretion
2. What makes up the plasma membrane? correct answers A: Bilayer of lipids and proteins not
uniformly distributed.
aka: Phospholipid Bilayer.
3.What organic compounds are involved in active transport in the cell membrane? correct
answers ATP
and
Transporter proteins
4. What is paracrine signaling? correct answers A: cells secrete (to another cell) local chemical
mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized.
,4. What is autocrine signaling? correct answers A. when the cell responds to its own mediators
that it secreted.
(cancer cells use this type of signaling to promote their own growth and proliferation, but normal
cells do this also).
4. What is hormonal signaling? correct answers A. specialized endocrine cells secrete chemicals
(hormones) that travel to another set of cells to product a response; one set of cells secrete
hormones, travel through the tissue and bloodstream, to another set of cells.
4. What is neurohormonal signaling? correct answers A. when neurosecretory neurons secrete
hormones (e.g. angiotensin II) into the blood stream.
Like endocrine cells, neurosecretory neurons release blood-borne chemical messengers, whereas
ordinary neurons secrete short-range neurotransmitters into a small, discrete space (i.e., synapse).
4. What is neurotransmitter signaling? correct answers A. ordinary neurons communicate directly
with the cells they innervate by releasing neurotransmitter at specialized junctions called
chemical synapses; the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the
postsynaptic target cell.
5. What is hypoxia? correct answers Lack of sufficient oxygen
5. What occurs to the cell during hypoxic injury? correct answers Decrease in ATP, causing
failure of the Na+/K+ pump and sodium-calcium exchange. Cellular swelling then occurs.
5. What is reperfusion injury? correct answers Injury caused by restoration of oxygen. Results
from generation of highly reactive oxygen intermediates such as H2O2 (Free radical)
5.What are free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS)—oxidative stress? correct answers
Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Result in membrane
damage
, 5. What organ system is primarily affected in lead toxicity ? How is this treated? correct answers
Central and Peripheral nervous system
Tx is chelation therapy
5. How does Carbon Monoxide affect the body's O2 carrying capacity? correct answers CO's
affinity for hemoglobin is 200 times greater than that of oxygen; it quickly binds with the
hemoglobin, preventing oxygen molecules from doing so.
5. What are 2 major potential sources of mercury poisoning? correct answers fish and dental
amalgams.
5. Who especially should be advised to avoid fish with high mercury content? correct answers
Pregnant women, nursing mothers, and young children.
5. What occurs in the body during sudden changes in atmospheric pressure , specifically as seen
in Diver's disease (aka "The Bends")? correct answers Nitrogen in the lungs forms bubbles that
make their way into the bloodstream , lodging themselves in spaces in the body.
6. What is osmosis? correct answers A. the movement of water through, a semi-permeable
membrane, from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.
ex:hydrostatic pressure from the heart causes fluids to move out into the interstitial space, and
oncotic pressure pulls water back in
6. What is diffusion? correct answers A. the movement of solutes from a higher concentration to
a lower concentration.
ex: solutes can be electrolytes, glucose, urea, creatinine
