HCR 240: Human Pathophysiology Exam 1 || Graded A+.
eukaryotes correct answers -organelles
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
organelles: nucleus correct answers contains DNA and RNA
organelles: ribosomes correct answers synthesize polypeptides and proteins from RNA
organelles: rough endoplasmic reticulum correct answers -contains ribosomes
-synthesize and fold proteins
organelles: smooth endoplasmic reticulum correct answers -synthesize lipids and steroid
hormones
-remove toxic substances from the cell
organelles: golgi apparatus correct answers transport proteins, polynucleotides, and
polysaccharide molecules within the cell
organelles: lysosomes and peroxisomes correct answers lysosome: functions is intracellular
digestion and autophagy
peroxisome: detoxify waste
organelles: mitochondria correct answers -cellular respiration and energy production
-generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
cytoplasm correct answers -contains cytosol
,-site of enzymatic biochemical reactions, protein synthesis, storage of excess nutrients
plasma membrane: diffusion correct answers solute molecules from high to low concentration
plama membrane: osmosis correct answers water from low solute concentration to high solute
concentration
cell to cell adhesions: tissues correct answers connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous tissue
cellular injury- hypoxia correct answers lack of oxygen
hypoxia: ischemia correct answers lack of blood supply; most common type of hypoxia
hypoxia- asphyxiation correct answers -injury due to cells not being able to use or receive
oxygen
-ex. suffocation, strangulation, chemical, drowning
hypoxia: carbon monoxide poisoning correct answers binds to hemoglobin and prevents the
transportation of oxygen around the body
free radicals correct answers -loss of an electron, highly reactive and bind to anything (proteins,
lipids, RNA, DNA) which causes damage to the cell
reactive oxygen species (ros) correct answers -formed during mitochondrial respiration
-role in chemical signaling
toxic chemicals correct answers -air pollution
-heavy metal toxicity: lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium
,-ethanol
environmental protection agencies correct answers carbon monoxide, particle pollution, ozone,
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead
toxic chemicals: lead poisoning correct answers -toxicity affects central and peripheral nervous
system
-cell damage
-treatment: chelation therapy
-suspicion in behavioral disorders
toxic chemicals: ethanol correct answers -major nutritional deficiencies
-metabolism occurs in the liver
-acute: affects CNS
-chronic: gastritis
infectious agents: virulence of an organism depends on its ability to correct answers -invade and
destroy cells
-produce toxins
-produce damaging hypersensitivity reactions
immunological reactions: immune mediated hypersensitivity reactions correct answers -abnormal
immune system response to a foreign substance
-ex. allergies, asthma
immunological reactions: autoimmune disorders correct answers -antibody formation against
normal cell receptors
-ex. type 1 diabetes
, physical and mechanical factors: hypothermic injuries correct answers -chilling cells
-less than 95 degrees fahrenheit
-slows metabolic processes, creates electrolyte abnormalities
physical and mechanical factors: heat correct answers -produce sweat
-vasodilating peripheral blood vessels
-loss of fluid and salts
-lower blood volume
physical and mechanical factors: hyperthermic injuries correct answers -injury caused to the cell
due to excessive heat
-ex. heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke
physical and mechanical factors: barometric correct answers sudden increases or decreases in
pressure causing tissue injury
physical and mechanical factors: ionizing radiation correct answers capable of removing orbital
electrons from atoms; production of free radicals that damage DNA
physical and mechanical factors: noise correct answers acoustic trauma and noise-induced
hearing loss
nutritional imbalances correct answers -micronutrients: vitamins, minerals, trace elements,
phytochemicals, antioxidants
-macronutrients: carbohydrates, fats, protein
cellular adaption correct answers -atrophy: decreased cell size
-hypertrophy: increased cell size
-hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells
eukaryotes correct answers -organelles
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
organelles: nucleus correct answers contains DNA and RNA
organelles: ribosomes correct answers synthesize polypeptides and proteins from RNA
organelles: rough endoplasmic reticulum correct answers -contains ribosomes
-synthesize and fold proteins
organelles: smooth endoplasmic reticulum correct answers -synthesize lipids and steroid
hormones
-remove toxic substances from the cell
organelles: golgi apparatus correct answers transport proteins, polynucleotides, and
polysaccharide molecules within the cell
organelles: lysosomes and peroxisomes correct answers lysosome: functions is intracellular
digestion and autophagy
peroxisome: detoxify waste
organelles: mitochondria correct answers -cellular respiration and energy production
-generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
cytoplasm correct answers -contains cytosol
,-site of enzymatic biochemical reactions, protein synthesis, storage of excess nutrients
plasma membrane: diffusion correct answers solute molecules from high to low concentration
plama membrane: osmosis correct answers water from low solute concentration to high solute
concentration
cell to cell adhesions: tissues correct answers connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous tissue
cellular injury- hypoxia correct answers lack of oxygen
hypoxia: ischemia correct answers lack of blood supply; most common type of hypoxia
hypoxia- asphyxiation correct answers -injury due to cells not being able to use or receive
oxygen
-ex. suffocation, strangulation, chemical, drowning
hypoxia: carbon monoxide poisoning correct answers binds to hemoglobin and prevents the
transportation of oxygen around the body
free radicals correct answers -loss of an electron, highly reactive and bind to anything (proteins,
lipids, RNA, DNA) which causes damage to the cell
reactive oxygen species (ros) correct answers -formed during mitochondrial respiration
-role in chemical signaling
toxic chemicals correct answers -air pollution
-heavy metal toxicity: lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium
,-ethanol
environmental protection agencies correct answers carbon monoxide, particle pollution, ozone,
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead
toxic chemicals: lead poisoning correct answers -toxicity affects central and peripheral nervous
system
-cell damage
-treatment: chelation therapy
-suspicion in behavioral disorders
toxic chemicals: ethanol correct answers -major nutritional deficiencies
-metabolism occurs in the liver
-acute: affects CNS
-chronic: gastritis
infectious agents: virulence of an organism depends on its ability to correct answers -invade and
destroy cells
-produce toxins
-produce damaging hypersensitivity reactions
immunological reactions: immune mediated hypersensitivity reactions correct answers -abnormal
immune system response to a foreign substance
-ex. allergies, asthma
immunological reactions: autoimmune disorders correct answers -antibody formation against
normal cell receptors
-ex. type 1 diabetes
, physical and mechanical factors: hypothermic injuries correct answers -chilling cells
-less than 95 degrees fahrenheit
-slows metabolic processes, creates electrolyte abnormalities
physical and mechanical factors: heat correct answers -produce sweat
-vasodilating peripheral blood vessels
-loss of fluid and salts
-lower blood volume
physical and mechanical factors: hyperthermic injuries correct answers -injury caused to the cell
due to excessive heat
-ex. heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke
physical and mechanical factors: barometric correct answers sudden increases or decreases in
pressure causing tissue injury
physical and mechanical factors: ionizing radiation correct answers capable of removing orbital
electrons from atoms; production of free radicals that damage DNA
physical and mechanical factors: noise correct answers acoustic trauma and noise-induced
hearing loss
nutritional imbalances correct answers -micronutrients: vitamins, minerals, trace elements,
phytochemicals, antioxidants
-macronutrients: carbohydrates, fats, protein
cellular adaption correct answers -atrophy: decreased cell size
-hypertrophy: increased cell size
-hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells
