HCR 240 Exam 3 || 100% Verified Solutions.
Triad of Virchow (S.H.E.) correct answers promotes venous thrombosis
Stasis of Venous Circulation (inactive blood movement): associated with immobility, obesity, late
pregnancy, age, congestive heart failure, and prolonged leg dependency
Hypercoagulability: inherited disorders, smoking malignancy, liver disease, pregnancy, oral
contraceptives, hormone replacement (birth control), antiphospholipid syndrome,
hyperhomocysteinemia
Endothelial (Venous) Damage: trauma, venipuncture, IV medications
Hypertension Risk Factors correct answers Non-Modifiable:
Positive family history
Advancing age
Gender: female >70 years of age; male <55 years of age
Race: black
Modifiable:
Sodium (Na+) intake
Glucose intolerance (diabetes mellitus)/insulin resistance
Heavy alcohol use
Obesity
Cigarettes
Decreased Potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg++), calcium (Ca++)
,Orthostatic Hypotension correct answers Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or
postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
may cause dizziness
Types of Embolisms (Blockage in the arterial or venous blood flow) correct answers
Thromboembolism: Vascular obstruction from dislodged thrombus
Air embolism: Room air that enters the circulation
Amniotic fluid embolism: Amniotic fluid that is forced into the mother's bloodstream
Bacterial embolism: Infectious endocarditis
Fat embolism: Trauma to long bones causes globules of fat to form in the blood
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) -- think risks correct answers CAD: A condition where the
major blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed
Most common cause: atherosclerosis
Non-Modifiable Risks:
Advanced age
Family history
Women after menopause
Modifiable Risks:
Cigarette smoking
Diabetes and Insulin resistance
,Obesity
Valvular Stenosis correct answers Narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more
valves of the heart impeding blood flow and increasing workload
Atrial pressure increases to overcome resistance flow through the valve
Myocardial hypertrophy is caused by myocardium work overload due to increased pressure
Ex - Aortic, Mitral
Valvular Regurgitation correct answers One or more of the heart's valves does not close properly
causing blood to leak in the wrong direction (can cause a murmur)
Valvular regurgitation increases the volume of blood the heart must pump and increases the
workload of the affected heart chamber
Increased volume leads to chamber dilation
Increased workload leads to hypertrophy
Ex - Aortic, Mitral, Tricuspid
Left Sided (Congestive) Heart Failure correct answers Left ventricle does not empty, blood flows
back into the lungs, causing difficulty breathing (pulmonary congestion), anxiety, cyanosis, and
cerebral hypoxia. "DROWNING"
Systolic heart failure - the inability of the heart to generate an adequate cardiac output to perfuse
vital tissues
, Cardiac output depends on heart rate and stroke volume
Diastolic heart failure - pulmonary congestion despite a normal stroke volume and cardiac output
Can occur alone or in combination with systolic heart failure
Causes 50% of left heart failure cases
More common in women
Right Sided Heart Failure correct answers Is the inability of the right ventricle to provide
adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation at a normal central venous pressure
Can cause anorexia, GI distress, weight changes, Edema, Impaired liver function "SWELLING"
Can result from an increase in left ventricular filling pressure that is reflected back into the
pulmonary circulation
Can result from diffuse hypoxic pulmonary disease
Tetralogy of Fallot (R.A.P.S) correct answers Right ventricular hypertrophy
Aorta displacement
Pulmonary stenosis
Septal (ventricle) defect
Manifestations: Cyanosis, Hypoxia, Restlessness
Pressures are equal in right and left ventricles due to large VSD size
Shut direction through VSD is determined through the difference between PVR and SVR
Triad of Virchow (S.H.E.) correct answers promotes venous thrombosis
Stasis of Venous Circulation (inactive blood movement): associated with immobility, obesity, late
pregnancy, age, congestive heart failure, and prolonged leg dependency
Hypercoagulability: inherited disorders, smoking malignancy, liver disease, pregnancy, oral
contraceptives, hormone replacement (birth control), antiphospholipid syndrome,
hyperhomocysteinemia
Endothelial (Venous) Damage: trauma, venipuncture, IV medications
Hypertension Risk Factors correct answers Non-Modifiable:
Positive family history
Advancing age
Gender: female >70 years of age; male <55 years of age
Race: black
Modifiable:
Sodium (Na+) intake
Glucose intolerance (diabetes mellitus)/insulin resistance
Heavy alcohol use
Obesity
Cigarettes
Decreased Potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg++), calcium (Ca++)
,Orthostatic Hypotension correct answers Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or
postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
may cause dizziness
Types of Embolisms (Blockage in the arterial or venous blood flow) correct answers
Thromboembolism: Vascular obstruction from dislodged thrombus
Air embolism: Room air that enters the circulation
Amniotic fluid embolism: Amniotic fluid that is forced into the mother's bloodstream
Bacterial embolism: Infectious endocarditis
Fat embolism: Trauma to long bones causes globules of fat to form in the blood
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) -- think risks correct answers CAD: A condition where the
major blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed
Most common cause: atherosclerosis
Non-Modifiable Risks:
Advanced age
Family history
Women after menopause
Modifiable Risks:
Cigarette smoking
Diabetes and Insulin resistance
,Obesity
Valvular Stenosis correct answers Narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more
valves of the heart impeding blood flow and increasing workload
Atrial pressure increases to overcome resistance flow through the valve
Myocardial hypertrophy is caused by myocardium work overload due to increased pressure
Ex - Aortic, Mitral
Valvular Regurgitation correct answers One or more of the heart's valves does not close properly
causing blood to leak in the wrong direction (can cause a murmur)
Valvular regurgitation increases the volume of blood the heart must pump and increases the
workload of the affected heart chamber
Increased volume leads to chamber dilation
Increased workload leads to hypertrophy
Ex - Aortic, Mitral, Tricuspid
Left Sided (Congestive) Heart Failure correct answers Left ventricle does not empty, blood flows
back into the lungs, causing difficulty breathing (pulmonary congestion), anxiety, cyanosis, and
cerebral hypoxia. "DROWNING"
Systolic heart failure - the inability of the heart to generate an adequate cardiac output to perfuse
vital tissues
, Cardiac output depends on heart rate and stroke volume
Diastolic heart failure - pulmonary congestion despite a normal stroke volume and cardiac output
Can occur alone or in combination with systolic heart failure
Causes 50% of left heart failure cases
More common in women
Right Sided Heart Failure correct answers Is the inability of the right ventricle to provide
adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation at a normal central venous pressure
Can cause anorexia, GI distress, weight changes, Edema, Impaired liver function "SWELLING"
Can result from an increase in left ventricular filling pressure that is reflected back into the
pulmonary circulation
Can result from diffuse hypoxic pulmonary disease
Tetralogy of Fallot (R.A.P.S) correct answers Right ventricular hypertrophy
Aorta displacement
Pulmonary stenosis
Septal (ventricle) defect
Manifestations: Cyanosis, Hypoxia, Restlessness
Pressures are equal in right and left ventricles due to large VSD size
Shut direction through VSD is determined through the difference between PVR and SVR
