MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 1 2026 to
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE PRACTICE
QUESTIONS ANSWERS and EXAM
REVIEW
Cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER--"Guts" of the cell
- 80% of water makes up the entirety of the cytoplasm as well as some
proteins, carbohydrates lipids, and other things
Nucleoid - CORRECT ANSWER-- no nuclear membrane
- usually single (haploid)
- usually circular
- double stranded DNA
divided by binary fission
Plasmids - CORRECT ANSWER-- extrachromosomal genetic
elements (will never find in the nucleus)
- carry non-crucial genes
- can be used for transfer of anti-microbial resistance
reduce toxins
Ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWER-- Site of protein synthesis
- 70S in prokaryotes
,- 80S in eukarayotes
- main production is protein synthesis
- Eukaryotes: 80S total—Large = 60S Small- 40S, membrane- bound:
attached to endoplasmic reticulum
Prokaryotes: 70S total: Large= 50S small- 30S, in chloroplasts and
mitochondria
Cell Wall - CORRECT ANSWER--Polymer of a repeating
disaccharide in rows
-NAG and NAM
-Rows are linked by polypeptides
-Functions:
1.Shape the cell
2. Protect the cell from osmotic lysis
Plasma Membrane - CORRECT ANSWER-- Phospholipid bilayer
(can be destroyed through alcohol or soap)
- Peripheral proteins
- Integral proteins
- Transmembrane proteins
- Selectively permeable (most important feature; also why it is gram
positive)
- Contain enzymes that are needed to ATP production
Some membranes have phtoosymthetic pigments (chromatophrnes) on
folding
Endospores - CORRECT ANSWER-- Spore Formations= sporulation
, - The most resistant forms of life
- Can resist almost everything
- They can deterime if something is sterile because the Autoclave is
something that can kill them and they are still present than the item is not
sterile
Most pathogenic types of microorganisms have endospores in them
Peritrichous - CORRECT ANSWER-
Monotrichous - CORRECT ANSWER-
Lophotrichous - CORRECT ANSWER-
Amphitrichous - CORRECT ANSWER-
Cytoplasm ( definition) - CORRECT ANSWER-substance inside the
plasma and outside the nucleus
cytosol - CORRECT ANSWER-fluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWER-made of microfilaments and
intermediate filaments
give shape and support
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE PRACTICE
QUESTIONS ANSWERS and EXAM
REVIEW
Cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER--"Guts" of the cell
- 80% of water makes up the entirety of the cytoplasm as well as some
proteins, carbohydrates lipids, and other things
Nucleoid - CORRECT ANSWER-- no nuclear membrane
- usually single (haploid)
- usually circular
- double stranded DNA
divided by binary fission
Plasmids - CORRECT ANSWER-- extrachromosomal genetic
elements (will never find in the nucleus)
- carry non-crucial genes
- can be used for transfer of anti-microbial resistance
reduce toxins
Ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWER-- Site of protein synthesis
- 70S in prokaryotes
,- 80S in eukarayotes
- main production is protein synthesis
- Eukaryotes: 80S total—Large = 60S Small- 40S, membrane- bound:
attached to endoplasmic reticulum
Prokaryotes: 70S total: Large= 50S small- 30S, in chloroplasts and
mitochondria
Cell Wall - CORRECT ANSWER--Polymer of a repeating
disaccharide in rows
-NAG and NAM
-Rows are linked by polypeptides
-Functions:
1.Shape the cell
2. Protect the cell from osmotic lysis
Plasma Membrane - CORRECT ANSWER-- Phospholipid bilayer
(can be destroyed through alcohol or soap)
- Peripheral proteins
- Integral proteins
- Transmembrane proteins
- Selectively permeable (most important feature; also why it is gram
positive)
- Contain enzymes that are needed to ATP production
Some membranes have phtoosymthetic pigments (chromatophrnes) on
folding
Endospores - CORRECT ANSWER-- Spore Formations= sporulation
, - The most resistant forms of life
- Can resist almost everything
- They can deterime if something is sterile because the Autoclave is
something that can kill them and they are still present than the item is not
sterile
Most pathogenic types of microorganisms have endospores in them
Peritrichous - CORRECT ANSWER-
Monotrichous - CORRECT ANSWER-
Lophotrichous - CORRECT ANSWER-
Amphitrichous - CORRECT ANSWER-
Cytoplasm ( definition) - CORRECT ANSWER-substance inside the
plasma and outside the nucleus
cytosol - CORRECT ANSWER-fluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWER-made of microfilaments and
intermediate filaments
give shape and support
