NURS 611 EXAM 2 VIEW AHEAD TEST PAPER
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUARANTEED TO PASS
◉ which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend
itself.
Answer: Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
◉ how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous
system (SNS).
Answer: blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow to
GI and integumentary is decreased
◉ how are primary brain injuries classified.
Answer: focal or diffuse (aka multifocal)
◉ focal brain injuries.
Answer: specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a
precise location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
◉ diffuse brain injuries.
,Answer: include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis,
encephalitis, and damage to blood vessels
The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can
cause collateral dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted
thus polyuria)
◉ autonomic hyperreflexia.
Answer: affected at the t5-t6 level or above; characterized by
paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache,
blurred vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of
the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor
spasm, and bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
◉ location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia.
Answer: individual most likely to be affected have lesions at the T5-
T6 level or above
◉ sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia.
Answer: bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA)
node. The intact ANS reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm
that increases blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels,
the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN and stimulate the
PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the visceral and peripheral
,vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through
the cord
◉ Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: leading cause of dementia and one of the most common
causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
◉ what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: age, family history
◉ what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: low calorie diets, estrogen replacement at time of
menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity, antioxidants, the presence of
apoE2
◉ what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset
AD.
Answer: PSEN 1 (presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP
(amyloid precursor protein) on chromosome 21
◉ When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given.
Answer: postmortem examination
, ◉ what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke.
Answer: hypertension (87% of occurrences)
◉ what are common risk factors for stroke.
Answer: arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM, elevated
cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated
lipoprotein- A level, hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart
disease and PVD, asymptomatic carotid stenosis, polycythemia and
thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal hormone therapy, high
sodium intake above 2300mg, low potassium intake less than
4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep
deprivation
◉ which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following
a bacterial/viral infection such as respiratory or GI illness (ex: flu).
Answer: Guillain-Barre syndrome
◉ Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms.
Answer: typical first manifestations are numbness, pain,
paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paralysis may
present in an ascending pattern
◉ when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre.
Answer: weakness usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week in
90% of cases
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUARANTEED TO PASS
◉ which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend
itself.
Answer: Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
◉ how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous
system (SNS).
Answer: blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow to
GI and integumentary is decreased
◉ how are primary brain injuries classified.
Answer: focal or diffuse (aka multifocal)
◉ focal brain injuries.
Answer: specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a
precise location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
◉ diffuse brain injuries.
,Answer: include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis,
encephalitis, and damage to blood vessels
The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can
cause collateral dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted
thus polyuria)
◉ autonomic hyperreflexia.
Answer: affected at the t5-t6 level or above; characterized by
paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache,
blurred vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of
the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor
spasm, and bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
◉ location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia.
Answer: individual most likely to be affected have lesions at the T5-
T6 level or above
◉ sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia.
Answer: bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA)
node. The intact ANS reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm
that increases blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels,
the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN and stimulate the
PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the visceral and peripheral
,vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through
the cord
◉ Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: leading cause of dementia and one of the most common
causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
◉ what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: age, family history
◉ what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: low calorie diets, estrogen replacement at time of
menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity, antioxidants, the presence of
apoE2
◉ what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset
AD.
Answer: PSEN 1 (presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP
(amyloid precursor protein) on chromosome 21
◉ When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given.
Answer: postmortem examination
, ◉ what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke.
Answer: hypertension (87% of occurrences)
◉ what are common risk factors for stroke.
Answer: arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM, elevated
cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated
lipoprotein- A level, hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart
disease and PVD, asymptomatic carotid stenosis, polycythemia and
thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal hormone therapy, high
sodium intake above 2300mg, low potassium intake less than
4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep
deprivation
◉ which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following
a bacterial/viral infection such as respiratory or GI illness (ex: flu).
Answer: Guillain-Barre syndrome
◉ Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms.
Answer: typical first manifestations are numbness, pain,
paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paralysis may
present in an ascending pattern
◉ when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre.
Answer: weakness usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week in
90% of cases
