NURS 611 EXAM 1 350 FINAL PAPER TESTED
QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION
◉ apoptosis
Answer: a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-
destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
◉ Necrosis
Answer: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane
structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
◉ #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis
Answer: hypoxia
◉ atrophy
Answer: cell shrinks - decreased size
◉ Normal atrophy
Answer: physiologic atrophy
◉ Effects of ischemia on cellular metabolism
,Answer: a reduction of ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's
sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exhange to fail, which
leads to intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. sodium and water then can
center the cell freely and cellular swelling results
◉ pathologic atrohy
Answer: occurs as a result of of decrease in workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation
◉ hypertophy
Answer: increase in size of cell
◉ Hyperplasia
Answer: increase in number of cells
compensatory (liver) or pathalogical
◉ metaplasia
Answer: replacement of cells with a different type
◉ Free Radical
Answer: an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
unpaired electron. this unpaired electron makes the molecule
unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another
, molecule or steals one. Thus, it is capable of of injurious chemical
bond formation with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates - key
molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
◉ Ethanol and cellular injury
Answer: in chronic alcoholism
liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde, which causes
hepatic cellular dysfunction
◉ Fats/Lipids and cellular injury
Answer: high levels of fat in blood is not detoxified by liver and fats
deposits in the liver - affects liver function - non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease (common in diabetics and obese individuals)
◉ Radiation and cellular injury
Answer: main mechanism of damage to DNA (VERY BAD!!) by
ionizing radiation is from the generation of reactive oxygen species
from reactions with free radicals
◉ Aging and cells/tissues
Answer: every physiologic process can be shown to function less
efficiently
◉ Aneuploid cells
QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION
◉ apoptosis
Answer: a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-
destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
◉ Necrosis
Answer: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane
structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
◉ #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis
Answer: hypoxia
◉ atrophy
Answer: cell shrinks - decreased size
◉ Normal atrophy
Answer: physiologic atrophy
◉ Effects of ischemia on cellular metabolism
,Answer: a reduction of ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's
sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exhange to fail, which
leads to intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. sodium and water then can
center the cell freely and cellular swelling results
◉ pathologic atrohy
Answer: occurs as a result of of decrease in workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation
◉ hypertophy
Answer: increase in size of cell
◉ Hyperplasia
Answer: increase in number of cells
compensatory (liver) or pathalogical
◉ metaplasia
Answer: replacement of cells with a different type
◉ Free Radical
Answer: an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
unpaired electron. this unpaired electron makes the molecule
unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another
, molecule or steals one. Thus, it is capable of of injurious chemical
bond formation with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates - key
molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
◉ Ethanol and cellular injury
Answer: in chronic alcoholism
liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde, which causes
hepatic cellular dysfunction
◉ Fats/Lipids and cellular injury
Answer: high levels of fat in blood is not detoxified by liver and fats
deposits in the liver - affects liver function - non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease (common in diabetics and obese individuals)
◉ Radiation and cellular injury
Answer: main mechanism of damage to DNA (VERY BAD!!) by
ionizing radiation is from the generation of reactive oxygen species
from reactions with free radicals
◉ Aging and cells/tissues
Answer: every physiologic process can be shown to function less
efficiently
◉ Aneuploid cells
