NURS 611 EXAM 1 350 EXAM PREP UPDATED
STUDY GUIDE SOLVED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉ Necrosis.
Answer: Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
◉ What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis
(especially the kidney and heart).
Answer: hypoxia
◉ What is the #1 cause of hypoxia?.
Answer: ischemia
◉ Main component of a cell.
Answer: nucleus
◉ What does the nucleus contain?.
Answer: nucleolus
◉ What is the nucleolus composed of?.
,Answer: RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA binding proteins, and
histones
◉ Why are histone important?.
Answer: histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes
(chromatin) which is essential for cell division
◉ What are ribosomes?.
Answer: RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm
through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes (NPCs)
◉ Where can ribosomes be found?.
Answer: cytoplasm and rough ER
◉ what are ribosomes chief function?.
Answer: provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
◉ What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)?.
Answer: a network of flatten, smooth membranes and vesicles
frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
,◉ What does the Golgi apparatus do?.
Answer: takes proteins from the ER and processes/packages them
into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory vesicles, and
refines and directs traffic in the cell
◉ What are lysosomes and what do they do?.
Answer: maintain cellular health by removal of toxic cellular
components, removal of useless organelles, termination of signal
transduction, and signals cellular adaption
◉ How does aging affect lysosomes?.
Answer: leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which
declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
◉ What functions do lysosomal components integrate?.
Answer: nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and
will translate them into instructions that regulate cellular
metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
◉ What is mitochondria responsible for?.
Answer: cellular respiration, cellular metabolism , and energy
production
◉ What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain?.
, Answer: enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the
process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the
cell's ATP
◉ The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1),
involve what two things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)?.
Answer: 1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
◉ What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form
metabolic dearangements?.
Answer: carbs, proteins, and lipids
◉ What is physiologic atrophy?.
Answer: occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad during
childhood
◉ What is pathologic atrophy?.
Answer: occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased
hormonal stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged
time
STUDY GUIDE SOLVED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉ Necrosis.
Answer: Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
◉ What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis
(especially the kidney and heart).
Answer: hypoxia
◉ What is the #1 cause of hypoxia?.
Answer: ischemia
◉ Main component of a cell.
Answer: nucleus
◉ What does the nucleus contain?.
Answer: nucleolus
◉ What is the nucleolus composed of?.
,Answer: RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA binding proteins, and
histones
◉ Why are histone important?.
Answer: histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes
(chromatin) which is essential for cell division
◉ What are ribosomes?.
Answer: RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm
through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes (NPCs)
◉ Where can ribosomes be found?.
Answer: cytoplasm and rough ER
◉ what are ribosomes chief function?.
Answer: provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
◉ What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)?.
Answer: a network of flatten, smooth membranes and vesicles
frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
,◉ What does the Golgi apparatus do?.
Answer: takes proteins from the ER and processes/packages them
into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory vesicles, and
refines and directs traffic in the cell
◉ What are lysosomes and what do they do?.
Answer: maintain cellular health by removal of toxic cellular
components, removal of useless organelles, termination of signal
transduction, and signals cellular adaption
◉ How does aging affect lysosomes?.
Answer: leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which
declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
◉ What functions do lysosomal components integrate?.
Answer: nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and
will translate them into instructions that regulate cellular
metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
◉ What is mitochondria responsible for?.
Answer: cellular respiration, cellular metabolism , and energy
production
◉ What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain?.
, Answer: enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the
process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the
cell's ATP
◉ The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1),
involve what two things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)?.
Answer: 1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
◉ What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form
metabolic dearangements?.
Answer: carbs, proteins, and lipids
◉ What is physiologic atrophy?.
Answer: occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad during
childhood
◉ What is pathologic atrophy?.
Answer: occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased
hormonal stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged
time
