HIS 101 NVCC MIDTERM 2026/2027 – STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS,
EXAM REVIEW & TEST PREP
WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, HOW OR WHY - ANS ✔✔
Cuneiform - ANS ✔✔Oldest writing forms, wedge shaped, reed stylus on clay tabelts, Epic of Gilgamesh.
People could tell stories, relate history, communicate and formalize legal systems, used in Hammurabi's
Code
Akhenaten - ANS ✔✔Egyptian pharaoh, ruled in 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom period of Ancient
Egypt. Changed religion of Egypt from worship of many gods to worship of a single god named Aten.
The Prophetic Movement - ANS ✔✔A movement to restore ministries of prophets and apostles to the
church and the belief in the restoration of the five minsistry gifts for fufilling the purpose which they
were given: the equipping and perfecting of the saints in Christ's image and ministry.
Code of Hammurabi - ANS ✔✔282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines
and punishments to meet the requirements of justice, claimed that social order was more important
than individual rights.
Cyrus the Great - ANS ✔✔Founder of the Achaemenian Empire, was the largest empire that had existed
at the time of his rule, his political philosophy of tolerance and respect toward non-Persians and his
demonstration of mercy on his defeated foe.
Zoroastrianism - ANS ✔✔One of the oldest monotheistic religions, originated in ancient Persia,
influenced belief systems of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Polis - ANS ✔✔Community structure of Ancient Greece, had outer walls for protection, its mythological
history, including the site of the Baths of Aphrodite.
Hoplite - ANS ✔✔Heavily armed ancient Greek foot soldier whose function was to fight in close
formation, used phalanx formation to be effective in war with fewer soldiers.
Pericles - ANS ✔✔Athenian statesman, helped Athenian democracy and the Athenian empire flourished,
making Athens the political and cultural focus of Greece between the Greco-Persian and Peloponnesian
wars.
Satrap - ANS ✔✔Collected taxes and was the supreme judicial authority; he was responsible for internal
security and raised and maintained an army, the governor of a province in ancient Persia.
Delian League - ANS ✔✔Founded in 478 BCE following the Persian War to be a military alliance against
any enemies that might threaten Ionian Greeks, led by Athens.
Alexander the Great - ANS ✔✔An ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history's greatest military minds
who, as King of Macedonia and Persia, established the largest empire the ancient world had ever seen.
, Epicureans - ANS ✔✔Religion that believed connection with friends offered a sense of safety, whereas
lack of connection can lead to isolation, despair, and peril.
Stoics - ANS ✔✔A school of philosophy that hails from ancient Greece and Rome in the early parts of the
3rd century, BC. It is a philosophy of life that maximizes positive emotions, reduces negative emotions
and helps individuals to hone their virtues of character.
Hannibal - ANS ✔✔One of Rome's greatest but most respected enemies. Hannibal Barca was one of the
greatest generals of all time and one of Rome's most feared enemies. After taking command of an army
at 25, Hannibal launched an ambitious campaign to cross the Alps and attack Rome itself.
Patricians - ANS ✔✔Comes from the Latin "patres", meaning "fathers", and these families provided the
empire's political, religious, and military leadership. Most patricians were wealthy landowners from old
families, but the class was open to a chosen few who had been deliberately promoted by the emperor.
Plebeians - ANS ✔✔all free Roman citizens who were not members of the patrician, senatorial or
equestrian classes. Plebeians were average working citizens of Rome - farmers, bakers, builders or
craftsmen - who worked hard to support their families and pay their taxes.
Twelve Tables - ANS ✔✔(Aka Law of the Twelve Tables) was a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets
created in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 BCE. They were the beginning of a new approach to laws which
were now passed by government and written down so that all citizens might be treated equally before
them.
Pater familias - ANS ✔✔The oldest living male, called the "paterfamilias," or "father of the family." He
looked after the family's business affairs and property and could perform religious rites on their behalf.
The paterfamilias had absolute rule over his household and children.
Diocletian - ANS ✔✔Roman emperor for more than 20 years (284-305 CE), Diocletian brought stability,
security, and efficient government to the Roman state after nearly half a century of chaos.
Pax Romana - ANS ✔✔Means "Roman peace," refers to the time period from 27 B.C.E. to 180 C.E. in the
Roman Empire. This 200-year period saw unprecedented peace and economic prosperity throughout the
Empire, which spanned from England in the north to Morocco in the south and Iraq in the east.
Constantine - ANS ✔✔Made Christianity the main religion of Rome, and created Constantinople, which
became the most powerful city in the world. Emperor Constantine (ca A.D. 280- 337) reigned over a
major transition in the Roman Empire—and much more.
Augustus - ANS ✔✔Rome's first emperor and one of the most accomplished leaders in world history. He
made possible the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and prosperity that allowed the
Roman empire to have a profound and lasting influence on the culture of the Europe.
Romanitas - ANS ✔✔The collection of political and cultural concepts and practices defining what it is to
be a Roman. A notable part of Roman cultural identity was based on being part of a political and
religious community with common values, customs, morality and way of life.
PLACE IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER - ANS ✔✔Invention of writing 3400 BC
EXAM REVIEW & TEST PREP
WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, HOW OR WHY - ANS ✔✔
Cuneiform - ANS ✔✔Oldest writing forms, wedge shaped, reed stylus on clay tabelts, Epic of Gilgamesh.
People could tell stories, relate history, communicate and formalize legal systems, used in Hammurabi's
Code
Akhenaten - ANS ✔✔Egyptian pharaoh, ruled in 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom period of Ancient
Egypt. Changed religion of Egypt from worship of many gods to worship of a single god named Aten.
The Prophetic Movement - ANS ✔✔A movement to restore ministries of prophets and apostles to the
church and the belief in the restoration of the five minsistry gifts for fufilling the purpose which they
were given: the equipping and perfecting of the saints in Christ's image and ministry.
Code of Hammurabi - ANS ✔✔282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines
and punishments to meet the requirements of justice, claimed that social order was more important
than individual rights.
Cyrus the Great - ANS ✔✔Founder of the Achaemenian Empire, was the largest empire that had existed
at the time of his rule, his political philosophy of tolerance and respect toward non-Persians and his
demonstration of mercy on his defeated foe.
Zoroastrianism - ANS ✔✔One of the oldest monotheistic religions, originated in ancient Persia,
influenced belief systems of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Polis - ANS ✔✔Community structure of Ancient Greece, had outer walls for protection, its mythological
history, including the site of the Baths of Aphrodite.
Hoplite - ANS ✔✔Heavily armed ancient Greek foot soldier whose function was to fight in close
formation, used phalanx formation to be effective in war with fewer soldiers.
Pericles - ANS ✔✔Athenian statesman, helped Athenian democracy and the Athenian empire flourished,
making Athens the political and cultural focus of Greece between the Greco-Persian and Peloponnesian
wars.
Satrap - ANS ✔✔Collected taxes and was the supreme judicial authority; he was responsible for internal
security and raised and maintained an army, the governor of a province in ancient Persia.
Delian League - ANS ✔✔Founded in 478 BCE following the Persian War to be a military alliance against
any enemies that might threaten Ionian Greeks, led by Athens.
Alexander the Great - ANS ✔✔An ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history's greatest military minds
who, as King of Macedonia and Persia, established the largest empire the ancient world had ever seen.
, Epicureans - ANS ✔✔Religion that believed connection with friends offered a sense of safety, whereas
lack of connection can lead to isolation, despair, and peril.
Stoics - ANS ✔✔A school of philosophy that hails from ancient Greece and Rome in the early parts of the
3rd century, BC. It is a philosophy of life that maximizes positive emotions, reduces negative emotions
and helps individuals to hone their virtues of character.
Hannibal - ANS ✔✔One of Rome's greatest but most respected enemies. Hannibal Barca was one of the
greatest generals of all time and one of Rome's most feared enemies. After taking command of an army
at 25, Hannibal launched an ambitious campaign to cross the Alps and attack Rome itself.
Patricians - ANS ✔✔Comes from the Latin "patres", meaning "fathers", and these families provided the
empire's political, religious, and military leadership. Most patricians were wealthy landowners from old
families, but the class was open to a chosen few who had been deliberately promoted by the emperor.
Plebeians - ANS ✔✔all free Roman citizens who were not members of the patrician, senatorial or
equestrian classes. Plebeians were average working citizens of Rome - farmers, bakers, builders or
craftsmen - who worked hard to support their families and pay their taxes.
Twelve Tables - ANS ✔✔(Aka Law of the Twelve Tables) was a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets
created in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 BCE. They were the beginning of a new approach to laws which
were now passed by government and written down so that all citizens might be treated equally before
them.
Pater familias - ANS ✔✔The oldest living male, called the "paterfamilias," or "father of the family." He
looked after the family's business affairs and property and could perform religious rites on their behalf.
The paterfamilias had absolute rule over his household and children.
Diocletian - ANS ✔✔Roman emperor for more than 20 years (284-305 CE), Diocletian brought stability,
security, and efficient government to the Roman state after nearly half a century of chaos.
Pax Romana - ANS ✔✔Means "Roman peace," refers to the time period from 27 B.C.E. to 180 C.E. in the
Roman Empire. This 200-year period saw unprecedented peace and economic prosperity throughout the
Empire, which spanned from England in the north to Morocco in the south and Iraq in the east.
Constantine - ANS ✔✔Made Christianity the main religion of Rome, and created Constantinople, which
became the most powerful city in the world. Emperor Constantine (ca A.D. 280- 337) reigned over a
major transition in the Roman Empire—and much more.
Augustus - ANS ✔✔Rome's first emperor and one of the most accomplished leaders in world history. He
made possible the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and prosperity that allowed the
Roman empire to have a profound and lasting influence on the culture of the Europe.
Romanitas - ANS ✔✔The collection of political and cultural concepts and practices defining what it is to
be a Roman. A notable part of Roman cultural identity was based on being part of a political and
religious community with common values, customs, morality and way of life.
PLACE IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER - ANS ✔✔Invention of writing 3400 BC
