MAN3240 Daniels Exam 2 Questions
Fully Solved.
3 key elements of motivation - Answer intensity, direction, persistence
McClelland's Theory of Needs - Answer a theory that states achievement, power, and
affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation (nAch, nPow, nAff)
need for achievement (nAch) - Answer the drive to succeed and excel in relation to a set of
standards; to strive to succeed
need for power (nPow) - Answer the need to make others behave in a way in which they
would not have behaved otherwise
need for affiliation (nAff) - Answer the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships
Goal Setting Theory - Answer a theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback,
lead to higher performance
3 personal factors that influence the goals-performance relationship - Answer goal
commitment, task characteristics, national culture
goal commitment - Answer when individuals believe they can achieve the goal and want to
achieve it. Most likely to occur when employees expect efforts will pay off, accomplishing the
goal is attractive to them, and they actively participate in goal setting
Task Characteristics - Answer goals affect performance more strongly when tasks are simple
and independent
national culture - Answer in collectivist and high power distance countries, achievable
moderate goals are more motivating than difficult ones.
Assigned goals generate more goal commitment in high than low power distance cultures
Research has NOT shown that group goals are more effective in collectivist cultures
2 categories for how people regulate thoughts and behaviors during goal pursuit - Answer
Promotion focus
Prevention focus
, promotion focus - Answer striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment,
approach conditions that move them closer to desired goals
Related to increased levels of task performance, citizenship behavior, and innovation
prevention focus - Answer striving for goals by fulfilling duties and obligations and avoiding
conditions that pull them away from goals
Related to safety performance
Management by Objectives (MBO) - Answer participatively setting goals that are tangible,
verifiable, and measurable
Needs goal specificity, participation in decision making, an explicit time period, and
performance feedback
Reinforcement Theory - Answer suggests behavior is a function of its consequences. Ignores
inner state of individual and focuses solely on what happens when the individual takes action
social learning theory - Answer we can learn through observation and direct experience. An
extension of operant conditioning
4 processes that determine social learning theory's influence on the individual - Answer 1)
Attentional processes- people only learn from a model when they recognize and pay attention
to its critical features. We are influenced by models that are attractive, important to us, or
similar to us
2) Retention processes- model's influence depends on how well the individual remembers the
model's action after the model is no longer readily available
3) Motor reproduction processes- person must be able to perform the action after seeing it
4) Reinforcement processes- motivated to exhibit modeled behavior if positive incentives are
provided
Expectancy Theory - Answer argues strength of tendency to act a certain way depends on
strength of our expectation of a given outcome and its attributes. Focuses on three relationships
3 relationships in expectancy theory - Answer expectancy (effort-performance),
instrumentality (performance-reward), valence (reward-personal goals)
Equity Theory - Answer individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of
others and respond to eliminate inequities. Respond to perceived inequities in one of six ways
6 responses to perceived inequities - Answer 1) Change inputs (exert less effort if underpaid)
Fully Solved.
3 key elements of motivation - Answer intensity, direction, persistence
McClelland's Theory of Needs - Answer a theory that states achievement, power, and
affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation (nAch, nPow, nAff)
need for achievement (nAch) - Answer the drive to succeed and excel in relation to a set of
standards; to strive to succeed
need for power (nPow) - Answer the need to make others behave in a way in which they
would not have behaved otherwise
need for affiliation (nAff) - Answer the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships
Goal Setting Theory - Answer a theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback,
lead to higher performance
3 personal factors that influence the goals-performance relationship - Answer goal
commitment, task characteristics, national culture
goal commitment - Answer when individuals believe they can achieve the goal and want to
achieve it. Most likely to occur when employees expect efforts will pay off, accomplishing the
goal is attractive to them, and they actively participate in goal setting
Task Characteristics - Answer goals affect performance more strongly when tasks are simple
and independent
national culture - Answer in collectivist and high power distance countries, achievable
moderate goals are more motivating than difficult ones.
Assigned goals generate more goal commitment in high than low power distance cultures
Research has NOT shown that group goals are more effective in collectivist cultures
2 categories for how people regulate thoughts and behaviors during goal pursuit - Answer
Promotion focus
Prevention focus
, promotion focus - Answer striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment,
approach conditions that move them closer to desired goals
Related to increased levels of task performance, citizenship behavior, and innovation
prevention focus - Answer striving for goals by fulfilling duties and obligations and avoiding
conditions that pull them away from goals
Related to safety performance
Management by Objectives (MBO) - Answer participatively setting goals that are tangible,
verifiable, and measurable
Needs goal specificity, participation in decision making, an explicit time period, and
performance feedback
Reinforcement Theory - Answer suggests behavior is a function of its consequences. Ignores
inner state of individual and focuses solely on what happens when the individual takes action
social learning theory - Answer we can learn through observation and direct experience. An
extension of operant conditioning
4 processes that determine social learning theory's influence on the individual - Answer 1)
Attentional processes- people only learn from a model when they recognize and pay attention
to its critical features. We are influenced by models that are attractive, important to us, or
similar to us
2) Retention processes- model's influence depends on how well the individual remembers the
model's action after the model is no longer readily available
3) Motor reproduction processes- person must be able to perform the action after seeing it
4) Reinforcement processes- motivated to exhibit modeled behavior if positive incentives are
provided
Expectancy Theory - Answer argues strength of tendency to act a certain way depends on
strength of our expectation of a given outcome and its attributes. Focuses on three relationships
3 relationships in expectancy theory - Answer expectancy (effort-performance),
instrumentality (performance-reward), valence (reward-personal goals)
Equity Theory - Answer individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of
others and respond to eliminate inequities. Respond to perceived inequities in one of six ways
6 responses to perceived inequities - Answer 1) Change inputs (exert less effort if underpaid)
