,NURS 231 / BIOD 331 Pathophysiology Module 8 Exam |
Portage Learning| Q&A | 26/27 Edition (PDF)
1. Which of the following statements is true regarding nephrons?
A) It is divided into an outer medulla and an inner cortex
B) It has one source of blood supply
C) The glomerulus filters the blood while the tubule reabsorbs needed nutrients
D) The glomerulus reabsorbs nutrients while the tubule filters blood
Correct Answer: The glomerulus filters the blood while the tubule reabsorbs needed nutrients
Rationale: The glomerulus acts as the primary site for filtration of the blood, while the nephron tubules
are responsible for selective reabsorption of essential substances and water. Nephrons have two
sources of blood supply: the afferent and efferent arterioles. The cortex and medulla are regions of the
kidney, not divisions of the nephron.
2. Excess accumulation of fluid within the interstitial compartment is characteristic of which fluid
imbalance?
A) Dehydration
B) Water intoxication
C) Edema
D) Hypovolemia
Correct Answer: Edema
Rationale: Edema is defined as the pathological accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, resulting
from imbalances in hydrostatic, oncotic, or permeability dynamics. Dehydration and hypovolemia
involve fluid deficit, while water intoxication involves excess water in the intracellular and extracellular
compartments.
3. Each of the following statements are true regarding control over the GFR EXCEPT:
,A) The kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure of the rest of
the body
B) The sympathetic nervous system can supersede the renal autoregulatory system
C) GFR is solely dependent on systemic blood pressure
D) Tubuloglomerular feedback helps regulate GFR
Correct Answer: GFR is solely dependent on systemic blood pressure
Rationale: GFR is not solely dependent on systemic blood pressure; the kidneys have autoregulatory
mechanisms (myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback) that maintain a constant GFR despite
variations in arterial blood pressure. The sympathetic nervous system can override these autoregulatory
mechanisms.
4. What is the normal range for arterial blood pH?
A) 7.20-7.30
B) 7.35-7.45
C) 7.50-7.60
D) 7.00-7.10
Correct Answer: 7.35-7.45
Rationale: Normal arterial blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45. Values outside this range
indicate acid-base disorders. The body maintains this narrow range through respiratory control of CO₂
and renal control of HCO₃⁻.
5. Metabolic disorders of acid-base balance result from a change in:
A) Plasma CO2 levels
B) Plasma HCO3- levels
C) Plasma oxygen levels
D) Plasma sodium levels
, Correct Answer: Plasma HCO3- levels
Rationale: Metabolic acid-base disorders are characterized by primary changes in plasma bicarbonate
(HCO₃⁻) concentration. Respiratory disorders result from changes in plasma CO₂ levels. The kidneys
regulate bicarbonate to maintain acid-base homeostasis.
6. Respiratory disorders of acid-base balance result from a change in:
A) Plasma HCO3- levels
B) Plasma CO2 levels
C) Plasma oxygen levels
D) Plasma potassium levels
Correct Answer: Plasma CO2 levels
Rationale: Respiratory acid-base disorders result from primary changes in plasma CO₂ levels due to
altered ventilation. Metabolic disorders involve changes in bicarbonate. The lungs regulate CO₂ through
ventilation to maintain acid-base balance.
7. Which of the following is characteristic of chronic transplant rejection?
A) It involves humoral immunity
B) It involves increased T lymphocytes only
C) It cannot occur months to years after transplant
D) It is the active form of vitamin D converted in the liver
Correct Answer: It involves humoral immunity
Rationale: Chronic transplant rejection is primarily mediated by humoral (antibody-mediated) immune
responses, with alloantibodies targeting the graft vasculature. It develops months to years after
transplantation and involves progressive vasculopathy.
8. A decrease in sodium reabsorption can be achieved through the action of which agents?
Portage Learning| Q&A | 26/27 Edition (PDF)
1. Which of the following statements is true regarding nephrons?
A) It is divided into an outer medulla and an inner cortex
B) It has one source of blood supply
C) The glomerulus filters the blood while the tubule reabsorbs needed nutrients
D) The glomerulus reabsorbs nutrients while the tubule filters blood
Correct Answer: The glomerulus filters the blood while the tubule reabsorbs needed nutrients
Rationale: The glomerulus acts as the primary site for filtration of the blood, while the nephron tubules
are responsible for selective reabsorption of essential substances and water. Nephrons have two
sources of blood supply: the afferent and efferent arterioles. The cortex and medulla are regions of the
kidney, not divisions of the nephron.
2. Excess accumulation of fluid within the interstitial compartment is characteristic of which fluid
imbalance?
A) Dehydration
B) Water intoxication
C) Edema
D) Hypovolemia
Correct Answer: Edema
Rationale: Edema is defined as the pathological accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, resulting
from imbalances in hydrostatic, oncotic, or permeability dynamics. Dehydration and hypovolemia
involve fluid deficit, while water intoxication involves excess water in the intracellular and extracellular
compartments.
3. Each of the following statements are true regarding control over the GFR EXCEPT:
,A) The kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure of the rest of
the body
B) The sympathetic nervous system can supersede the renal autoregulatory system
C) GFR is solely dependent on systemic blood pressure
D) Tubuloglomerular feedback helps regulate GFR
Correct Answer: GFR is solely dependent on systemic blood pressure
Rationale: GFR is not solely dependent on systemic blood pressure; the kidneys have autoregulatory
mechanisms (myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback) that maintain a constant GFR despite
variations in arterial blood pressure. The sympathetic nervous system can override these autoregulatory
mechanisms.
4. What is the normal range for arterial blood pH?
A) 7.20-7.30
B) 7.35-7.45
C) 7.50-7.60
D) 7.00-7.10
Correct Answer: 7.35-7.45
Rationale: Normal arterial blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45. Values outside this range
indicate acid-base disorders. The body maintains this narrow range through respiratory control of CO₂
and renal control of HCO₃⁻.
5. Metabolic disorders of acid-base balance result from a change in:
A) Plasma CO2 levels
B) Plasma HCO3- levels
C) Plasma oxygen levels
D) Plasma sodium levels
, Correct Answer: Plasma HCO3- levels
Rationale: Metabolic acid-base disorders are characterized by primary changes in plasma bicarbonate
(HCO₃⁻) concentration. Respiratory disorders result from changes in plasma CO₂ levels. The kidneys
regulate bicarbonate to maintain acid-base homeostasis.
6. Respiratory disorders of acid-base balance result from a change in:
A) Plasma HCO3- levels
B) Plasma CO2 levels
C) Plasma oxygen levels
D) Plasma potassium levels
Correct Answer: Plasma CO2 levels
Rationale: Respiratory acid-base disorders result from primary changes in plasma CO₂ levels due to
altered ventilation. Metabolic disorders involve changes in bicarbonate. The lungs regulate CO₂ through
ventilation to maintain acid-base balance.
7. Which of the following is characteristic of chronic transplant rejection?
A) It involves humoral immunity
B) It involves increased T lymphocytes only
C) It cannot occur months to years after transplant
D) It is the active form of vitamin D converted in the liver
Correct Answer: It involves humoral immunity
Rationale: Chronic transplant rejection is primarily mediated by humoral (antibody-mediated) immune
responses, with alloantibodies targeting the graft vasculature. It develops months to years after
transplantation and involves progressive vasculopathy.
8. A decrease in sodium reabsorption can be achieved through the action of which agents?
