NUR 641E FINAL EXAM 2026
NURSING TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Absorption:.
Answer: absorption from the administration site either directly or
indirectly into the blood/plasma.
◉ Distribution:.
Answer: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular
◉ Metabolism:.
Answer: biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
◉ Elimination:.
Answer: tissues. lastly, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from
the body.
◉ route of administration with the highest bioavailability.
Answer: intravenous; putting entire dose into a patient's vein and
bypassing absorption.
◉ avoids first-pass metabolism.
Answer: Intravenous route
,◉ administration has variable and erratic absorption. n.
Answer: Rectal administration
◉ 4. Steady state (SS).
Answer: absorption. n is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives of drug.
◉ Half-life of a drug is.
Answer: how long it takes for half the drug to be excreted from the
body. Determines how frequently the drug must be administered.
Predicts how long toxic effects can last.is constant with first-order
pharmacokinetics of a drug.
◉ Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics.
Answer: means a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time.
◉ CYP3A4 substrate drugs.
Answer: may have enhanced activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are
used along with it.
◉ Drug development process involves these steps according to the
FDA:.
Answer: Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drug.
Preclinical research with animal testing for safety (Phase I). Clinical
research on human subjects for medication safety (Phase II). Clinical
,research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications
placebo depending on the study (Phase III). FDA review of the results to
determine approval. Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not
found in earlier clinical studies (Phase IV)
◉ 2. Medication safety organizations.
Answer: The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) The
Institute of Medicine (IOM) The Joint Commission The National
Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention
(NCC MERP) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
◉ Two basic type of ADRS:.
Answer: pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
◉ 85% to 90% of ADRS.
Answer: are pharmacological.
◉ Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable,.
Answer: frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and
include medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic
idiosyncratic type reactions.
◉ ADRS are not commonly reported;.
Answer: the FDA does not mandate that ADRS be reported.
, ◉ Polypharmacy.
Answer: involves using multiple health care providers for care, using
multiple medications, and using several pharmacies prescription filling.
◉ Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIS):.
Answer: lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril.
◉ ACEIS reduce blood pressure enzyme..
Answer: by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
◉ Important side effects of ACE inhibitors.
Answer: Important include cough and angioedema; discontinue the
ACEI if angioedema occurs.
◉ Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBS):.
Answer: Icandesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan
(Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan
(Diovan).
◉ ARBS reduce blood pressure.
Answer: by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
◉ Essential (primary) hypertension.
NURSING TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Absorption:.
Answer: absorption from the administration site either directly or
indirectly into the blood/plasma.
◉ Distribution:.
Answer: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular
◉ Metabolism:.
Answer: biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
◉ Elimination:.
Answer: tissues. lastly, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from
the body.
◉ route of administration with the highest bioavailability.
Answer: intravenous; putting entire dose into a patient's vein and
bypassing absorption.
◉ avoids first-pass metabolism.
Answer: Intravenous route
,◉ administration has variable and erratic absorption. n.
Answer: Rectal administration
◉ 4. Steady state (SS).
Answer: absorption. n is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives of drug.
◉ Half-life of a drug is.
Answer: how long it takes for half the drug to be excreted from the
body. Determines how frequently the drug must be administered.
Predicts how long toxic effects can last.is constant with first-order
pharmacokinetics of a drug.
◉ Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics.
Answer: means a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time.
◉ CYP3A4 substrate drugs.
Answer: may have enhanced activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are
used along with it.
◉ Drug development process involves these steps according to the
FDA:.
Answer: Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drug.
Preclinical research with animal testing for safety (Phase I). Clinical
research on human subjects for medication safety (Phase II). Clinical
,research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications
placebo depending on the study (Phase III). FDA review of the results to
determine approval. Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not
found in earlier clinical studies (Phase IV)
◉ 2. Medication safety organizations.
Answer: The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) The
Institute of Medicine (IOM) The Joint Commission The National
Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention
(NCC MERP) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
◉ Two basic type of ADRS:.
Answer: pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
◉ 85% to 90% of ADRS.
Answer: are pharmacological.
◉ Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable,.
Answer: frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and
include medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic
idiosyncratic type reactions.
◉ ADRS are not commonly reported;.
Answer: the FDA does not mandate that ADRS be reported.
, ◉ Polypharmacy.
Answer: involves using multiple health care providers for care, using
multiple medications, and using several pharmacies prescription filling.
◉ Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIS):.
Answer: lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril.
◉ ACEIS reduce blood pressure enzyme..
Answer: by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
◉ Important side effects of ACE inhibitors.
Answer: Important include cough and angioedema; discontinue the
ACEI if angioedema occurs.
◉ Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBS):.
Answer: Icandesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan
(Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan
(Diovan).
◉ ARBS reduce blood pressure.
Answer: by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
◉ Essential (primary) hypertension.
