NUR 631 EXAM PREPARATION PACK 2026 KEY
CONCEPTS AND REVISION NOTES
◉ What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with
cystic fibrosis (CF)?
a. Deficit of interleukin(IL)-1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and
interferon-alpha (IFN-α)
b. Deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8 and granulocyte colony-
stimulating factor (G-CSF)
c. Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8 and TNF α
d. Deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL- 24 & colony-stimulating
factor (CSF).
Answer: c. Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1 , IL-8 and TNF α
Exp: Abnormal cytokine profiles have been documented in CF
airway fluids, including deficient IL-10 and excessive IL-1, IL-8, and
TNF-α, all changes conducive to promoting inflammation. pages
1311-12
◉ Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the
distal tubule and collecting duct?
,a. Antidiuretic hormone
b. Aldosterone
c. Cortisol
d. Adrenocorticotropin hormone.
Answer: a. Antidiuretic hormone
Exp: Antidiuretic hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in
the distal tubule and collecting duct. The later, straight segment of
the distal tubule and the collecting duct are permeable to water as
controlled by antidiuretic hormone. The other options are not
involved in this process. page 1331
◉ The concentration of the final urine is determined by antidiuretic
hormone (ADH), which is secreted by which gland?
a. Posterior pituitary
b. Thyroid
c. Parathyroid
d. Anterior pituitary.
Answer: a. Posterior pituitary
Exp: ADH which is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland,
controls the concentration of the final urine. Pages 1332 and 1333
,◉ What is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract
infections?
a. Staphylococcus
b. Klebsiella
c. Proteus
d. Escherichia coli.
Answer: d. Escherichia coli ; The most common infecting
microorganisms are uropathic strains of E. coli (80% to 85%). page
1350
◉ Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be
demonstrated in an 85-year-old individual?
a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
b. Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain
c. Hematuria and flank pain
d. Pyuria, urgency, and frequency.
Answer: a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
Exp: Older adults with cystitis may demonstrate confusion or vague
abdominal discomfort or otherwise be asymptomatic. page 1351
, ◉ Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
a. Bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Viruses
d. Parasite.
Answer: a. Bacteria
Exp: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia
coli, Proteus, or Pseudomonas. pages 1351-52
◉ A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood
cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/ day with albumin as
the major protein. These data suggest the presence of which
disorder?
a. Cystitis
b. Chronic pyelonephritis
c. Glomerulonephritis
d. Nephrotic syndrome.
Answer: c. Glomerulonephritis
CONCEPTS AND REVISION NOTES
◉ What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with
cystic fibrosis (CF)?
a. Deficit of interleukin(IL)-1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and
interferon-alpha (IFN-α)
b. Deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8 and granulocyte colony-
stimulating factor (G-CSF)
c. Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8 and TNF α
d. Deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL- 24 & colony-stimulating
factor (CSF).
Answer: c. Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1 , IL-8 and TNF α
Exp: Abnormal cytokine profiles have been documented in CF
airway fluids, including deficient IL-10 and excessive IL-1, IL-8, and
TNF-α, all changes conducive to promoting inflammation. pages
1311-12
◉ Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the
distal tubule and collecting duct?
,a. Antidiuretic hormone
b. Aldosterone
c. Cortisol
d. Adrenocorticotropin hormone.
Answer: a. Antidiuretic hormone
Exp: Antidiuretic hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in
the distal tubule and collecting duct. The later, straight segment of
the distal tubule and the collecting duct are permeable to water as
controlled by antidiuretic hormone. The other options are not
involved in this process. page 1331
◉ The concentration of the final urine is determined by antidiuretic
hormone (ADH), which is secreted by which gland?
a. Posterior pituitary
b. Thyroid
c. Parathyroid
d. Anterior pituitary.
Answer: a. Posterior pituitary
Exp: ADH which is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland,
controls the concentration of the final urine. Pages 1332 and 1333
,◉ What is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract
infections?
a. Staphylococcus
b. Klebsiella
c. Proteus
d. Escherichia coli.
Answer: d. Escherichia coli ; The most common infecting
microorganisms are uropathic strains of E. coli (80% to 85%). page
1350
◉ Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be
demonstrated in an 85-year-old individual?
a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
b. Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain
c. Hematuria and flank pain
d. Pyuria, urgency, and frequency.
Answer: a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
Exp: Older adults with cystitis may demonstrate confusion or vague
abdominal discomfort or otherwise be asymptomatic. page 1351
, ◉ Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
a. Bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Viruses
d. Parasite.
Answer: a. Bacteria
Exp: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia
coli, Proteus, or Pseudomonas. pages 1351-52
◉ A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood
cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/ day with albumin as
the major protein. These data suggest the presence of which
disorder?
a. Cystitis
b. Chronic pyelonephritis
c. Glomerulonephritis
d. Nephrotic syndrome.
Answer: c. Glomerulonephritis
