,BIOL331/BIOL 331 Pathophysiology Module 8
Exam | Portage Learning |Q&A | 26/27 Edition
(PDF)
1. Which of the following best defines glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A) The total volume of urine produced by the kidneys per day
B) The amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli per minute
C) The volume of fluid reabsorbed by the renal tubules per hour
D) The rate of renal blood flow through the kidneys
Correct Answer: The amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli per minute
Rationale: GFR is the volume of blood filtered by the glomeruli per unit of time, typically measured in
mL/min. It is a key indicator of kidney function. Total urine volume and reabsorption rates are related
but not the definition of GFR.
2. What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A) To reabsorb glucose from the filtrate
B) To regulate blood pressure and GFR
C) To secrete hydrogen ions into the tubule
D) To produce erythropoietin
Correct Answer: To regulate blood pressure and GFR
Rationale: The juxtaglomerular apparatus, located at the vascular pole of the glomerulus, consists of JG
cells that release renin and macula densa cells that sense sodium chloride concentration. Together, they
regulate blood pressure and GFR through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
3. A patient's lab results show a decreased GFR. Which condition is most consistent with this finding?
A) Diabetes insipidus
,B) Acute kidney injury
C) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
D) Increased renal blood flow
Correct Answer: Acute kidney injury
Rationale: A decreased GFR indicates reduced kidney filtration function, which is characteristic of acute
kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. Diabetes insipidus affects water handling, not filtration rate.
4. Which of the following hormones is produced by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell
production?
A) Renin
B) Erythropoietin
C) Aldosterone
D) Antidiuretic hormone
Correct Answer: Erythropoietin
Rationale: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia and stimulates the bone
marrow to produce red blood cells. Renin is involved in blood pressure regulation, aldosterone is
produced by the adrenal cortex, and ADH is produced by the hypothalamus.
5. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in response to:
A) Increased blood pressure
B) Decreased blood pressure
C) Increased blood volume
D) Decreased potassium levels
Correct Answer: Decreased blood pressure
, Rationale: The RAAS is activated when blood pressure drops, leading to renin release from JG cells. This
triggers a cascade that ultimately raises blood pressure through vasoconstriction and sodium/water
retention.
6. What is the primary effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?
A) Increased water reabsorption
B) Increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
C) Decreased sodium reabsorption
D) Increased glucose reabsorption
Correct Answer: Increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
Rationale: Aldosterone acts on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to increase sodium
reabsorption and potassium excretion. This helps maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance.
7. Which of the following is a function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
A) Increasing sodium reabsorption
B) Increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
C) Decreasing blood pressure
D) Increasing potassium excretion
Correct Answer: Increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
Rationale: ADH, produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary, increases
water reabsorption in the collecting ducts by inserting aquaporin channels. This concentrates urine and
conserves water.
8. Elevated levels of ADH will result in:
A) Dilute urine
B) Concentrated urine
Exam | Portage Learning |Q&A | 26/27 Edition
(PDF)
1. Which of the following best defines glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A) The total volume of urine produced by the kidneys per day
B) The amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli per minute
C) The volume of fluid reabsorbed by the renal tubules per hour
D) The rate of renal blood flow through the kidneys
Correct Answer: The amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli per minute
Rationale: GFR is the volume of blood filtered by the glomeruli per unit of time, typically measured in
mL/min. It is a key indicator of kidney function. Total urine volume and reabsorption rates are related
but not the definition of GFR.
2. What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A) To reabsorb glucose from the filtrate
B) To regulate blood pressure and GFR
C) To secrete hydrogen ions into the tubule
D) To produce erythropoietin
Correct Answer: To regulate blood pressure and GFR
Rationale: The juxtaglomerular apparatus, located at the vascular pole of the glomerulus, consists of JG
cells that release renin and macula densa cells that sense sodium chloride concentration. Together, they
regulate blood pressure and GFR through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
3. A patient's lab results show a decreased GFR. Which condition is most consistent with this finding?
A) Diabetes insipidus
,B) Acute kidney injury
C) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
D) Increased renal blood flow
Correct Answer: Acute kidney injury
Rationale: A decreased GFR indicates reduced kidney filtration function, which is characteristic of acute
kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. Diabetes insipidus affects water handling, not filtration rate.
4. Which of the following hormones is produced by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell
production?
A) Renin
B) Erythropoietin
C) Aldosterone
D) Antidiuretic hormone
Correct Answer: Erythropoietin
Rationale: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia and stimulates the bone
marrow to produce red blood cells. Renin is involved in blood pressure regulation, aldosterone is
produced by the adrenal cortex, and ADH is produced by the hypothalamus.
5. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in response to:
A) Increased blood pressure
B) Decreased blood pressure
C) Increased blood volume
D) Decreased potassium levels
Correct Answer: Decreased blood pressure
, Rationale: The RAAS is activated when blood pressure drops, leading to renin release from JG cells. This
triggers a cascade that ultimately raises blood pressure through vasoconstriction and sodium/water
retention.
6. What is the primary effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?
A) Increased water reabsorption
B) Increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
C) Decreased sodium reabsorption
D) Increased glucose reabsorption
Correct Answer: Increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
Rationale: Aldosterone acts on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to increase sodium
reabsorption and potassium excretion. This helps maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance.
7. Which of the following is a function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
A) Increasing sodium reabsorption
B) Increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
C) Decreasing blood pressure
D) Increasing potassium excretion
Correct Answer: Increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
Rationale: ADH, produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary, increases
water reabsorption in the collecting ducts by inserting aquaporin channels. This concentrates urine and
conserves water.
8. Elevated levels of ADH will result in:
A) Dilute urine
B) Concentrated urine
