,BIOL331/BIOL 331 Pathophysiology Module 1
Exam | Portage Learning|Q&A | 26/27 Edition
1. Which term describes the study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of an
injury or disease?
A) Anatomy
B) Physiology
C) Pathophysiology
D) Morphology
Correct Answer: Pathophysiology
Rationale: Pathophysiology is the study of the body's response to altered function or disease, focusing
on the "how" and "why" of changes during disease states. It combines pathology (structural changes)
and physiology (normal function) to describe disordered physiological processes. Anatomy and
morphology study structure, while physiology studies normal function.
2. What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period?
A) Prevalence
B) Morbidity
C) Mortality
D) Incidence
Correct Answer: Incidence
Rationale: Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease that develop in a given population during a
specific time period. Prevalence is the total number of existing cases (both new and old) at a given point
in time. Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased, and mortality refers to death rates.
3. A patient reports feeling dizzy and nauseated. These are examples of:
A) Signs
,B) Symptoms
C) Diagnoses
D) Prognoses
Correct Answer: Symptoms
Rationale: Symptoms are subjective complaints reported by the patient that cannot be measured
directly by an examiner. Signs are objective, measurable findings such as fever or rash. Diagnoses are
the identification of a disease, and prognoses are predictions of disease outcome.
4. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in the number of cells in a tissue?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in response to a stimulus. Hypertrophy
involves an increase in individual cell size. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size, and metaplasia is the
replacement of one cell type with another.
5. A cell adapts to increased workload by enlarging. This process is called:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Atrophy
C) Hypertrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: Hypertrophy
, Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size in response to increased demand, such as
cardiac myocytes in hypertension. Hyperplasia increases cell number, atrophy decreases size, and
metaplasia replaces one cell type with another.
6. Which cellular change is reversible?
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
C) Fatty change (steatosis)
D) Malignant transformation
Correct Answer: Fatty change (steatosis)
Rationale: Fatty change, characterized by lipid accumulation in cells, is reversible upon removal of the
injurious agent such as alcohol. Necrosis and apoptosis are forms of cell death, and malignant
transformation is a permanent genetic change.
7. Which of the following is characteristic of irreversible cell injury?
A) Plasma membrane blebbing
B) Nuclear pyknosis
C) Increased ATP production
D) Normal mitochondrial function
Correct Answer: Nuclear pyknosis
Rationale: Pyknosis, or nuclear condensation, along with karyorrhexis and karyolysis, indicates
irreversible injury. Membrane blebbing may be reversible early on. Increased ATP production and
normal mitochondrial function would not occur in irreversible injury.
8. What is the proportion of people with a disease who test positive called?
A) Specificity
B) Sensitivity
Exam | Portage Learning|Q&A | 26/27 Edition
1. Which term describes the study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of an
injury or disease?
A) Anatomy
B) Physiology
C) Pathophysiology
D) Morphology
Correct Answer: Pathophysiology
Rationale: Pathophysiology is the study of the body's response to altered function or disease, focusing
on the "how" and "why" of changes during disease states. It combines pathology (structural changes)
and physiology (normal function) to describe disordered physiological processes. Anatomy and
morphology study structure, while physiology studies normal function.
2. What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period?
A) Prevalence
B) Morbidity
C) Mortality
D) Incidence
Correct Answer: Incidence
Rationale: Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease that develop in a given population during a
specific time period. Prevalence is the total number of existing cases (both new and old) at a given point
in time. Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased, and mortality refers to death rates.
3. A patient reports feeling dizzy and nauseated. These are examples of:
A) Signs
,B) Symptoms
C) Diagnoses
D) Prognoses
Correct Answer: Symptoms
Rationale: Symptoms are subjective complaints reported by the patient that cannot be measured
directly by an examiner. Signs are objective, measurable findings such as fever or rash. Diagnoses are
the identification of a disease, and prognoses are predictions of disease outcome.
4. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in the number of cells in a tissue?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in response to a stimulus. Hypertrophy
involves an increase in individual cell size. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size, and metaplasia is the
replacement of one cell type with another.
5. A cell adapts to increased workload by enlarging. This process is called:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Atrophy
C) Hypertrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: Hypertrophy
, Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size in response to increased demand, such as
cardiac myocytes in hypertension. Hyperplasia increases cell number, atrophy decreases size, and
metaplasia replaces one cell type with another.
6. Which cellular change is reversible?
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
C) Fatty change (steatosis)
D) Malignant transformation
Correct Answer: Fatty change (steatosis)
Rationale: Fatty change, characterized by lipid accumulation in cells, is reversible upon removal of the
injurious agent such as alcohol. Necrosis and apoptosis are forms of cell death, and malignant
transformation is a permanent genetic change.
7. Which of the following is characteristic of irreversible cell injury?
A) Plasma membrane blebbing
B) Nuclear pyknosis
C) Increased ATP production
D) Normal mitochondrial function
Correct Answer: Nuclear pyknosis
Rationale: Pyknosis, or nuclear condensation, along with karyorrhexis and karyolysis, indicates
irreversible injury. Membrane blebbing may be reversible early on. Increased ATP production and
normal mitochondrial function would not occur in irreversible injury.
8. What is the proportion of people with a disease who test positive called?
A) Specificity
B) Sensitivity
