2026 DAVITA FINAL EXAM | ALL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
VERIFIED ANSWERS | LATEST EXAM |
ALREADY GRADED A+
Explainmthemfourmtransportmmechanismsmthatmplaymamroleminmhemodialysism-
mCORRECTmANSWERm●mUltrafiltration:mFluidmismpushedmthroughmamsemipermeablemmembrane.
●mConvection:mOrmsolutemdragmmeansmthatmsolutesmmovemwithmthemwatermacrossmthemsemiperme
ablemmembrane.mInmthismway,mconvectionmaddsmtomthemclearancemachievedmthroughmdiffusionmasm
solutesmaremdraggedmalongmwithmthemultrafiltrate.
●mDiffusion:mIsmthemmovementmofmdissolvedmparticlesmacrossmamsemipermeablemmembranemfrom
mthemsidemwithmthemhighermconcentrationmtomthemsidemwithmthemlowermconcentration.mThismdiffere
nceminmsolutemconcentrationmonmeachmsidemofmthemmembranemismcalledmconcentrationmgradient.m
Themhighermthemconcentrationmgradient,mthemfastermdiffusionmoccurs.mOncemthemconcentrationmof
mamdissolvedmparticlemismthemsamemonmbothmsidesmofmthemsemipermeablemmembrane,mdiffusionmst
ops.
●mOsmosis:mIsmamchemicalmprocessmbymwhichmdissolvedmchemicalsmwillmmigratemfrommanmareamofm
highmconcentrationmtomonemofmlow
concentration.mEssentiallymifmyoumdissolvemsomethingminmamliquid,mthemdissolvedmcompoundsm(call
edmsolutes)mwillmspreadmoutmuntilmtheremismanmequalmconcentrationmofmsolutemeverywhere.
Whatmaremthemkidneysmexcretorymfunctionsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmTomnormalizemelectrolytes,mremovemwastes,mprovidemfluidmandmnutrientmbal
ance
Whatmismthemfunctionmofmthemacidmconcentrationm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmProvidesmthemconcentrationmgradientmformdiffusionmandmhelpsmnormalizemele
ctrolytes
Whatmismthemfunctionmofmbicarbonatem-mCORRECTmANSWERmBuffersmthemacidmconcentrate
,Signsmandmsymptomsmofmhyperkalemiam-
mCORRECTmANSWERm>m5.5mmEq:mextrememmusclemweakness,mabnormalmheartmrhythm,mpossiblem
cardiacmarrest
Signsmandmsymptomsmofmhypokalemiam-
mCORRECTmANSWERm<m3.5mmEq:mfatigue,mmusclemweakness,mparalysis,mrespiratorymfailure,mcardia
cminstability,marrhythmias,mcardiacmarrest
Whatmaremthemkidneysmendocrinemfunctionsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmReninmsecretion,mErythropoeitinmsecretion,mVitmDmActivation
Howmdomwemreplacemnormalmendocrinemkidneymfunctionsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmProvidemmedications
Howmmuchmofmnormalmkidneymfunctionmismreplacedmbymhemodialysism-mCORRECTmANSWERm15%
Whatmismuremiamandmhowmdoesmitmaffectmthembody?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmUremiamismambuildupmofmwastesminmthembloodmduemtomkidneymfailuremandmaff
ectsmallmbodymsystems.
WhatmaremthemmostmcommonmcausesmofmCKDminmthemusa?m-mCORRECTmANSWERmDiabetes
Hypertension
PolycysticmKidneymDisease
OutlinemthemtreatmentmgoalsmformampatientmwithmCKDm-mCORRECTmANSWERm-
slowingmthemprogressionmofmckd
-managingmcomorbiditiesmandmcomplications
-controllingmsymptoms
-minimizingmthemeffectsmofmckdmonmpatients'mlifestyles
, -kidneymreplacementmtherapymmodalitymeducation
-encouragingmpatientsmtomactivelymparticipateminmtheirmhealthcare
WhymismitmimportantmtomknowmwhatmcausedmyourmpatientsmCKDm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmSomthemnursemandmPCTmcanminquiremaboutmpossiblemproblemsmduringmdatamc
ollectionmandmassessment
Whymismsodiummbalancemimportant?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmLeadsmtomvolumemexpansion,mincreasedmcardiacmoutput,mincreasedmperipher
almvascularmresistance,mandmincreasedmbloodmpressure
Signsmandmsymptomsmofmfluidmimbalancem-
mCORRECTmANSWERmEdema,mhypertension,mshortnessmofmbreath
SystemicmeffectsmofmCKDmwhatmwouldmyoumadvisemformampatientmwhomcomplainsmof:mdrymitchymski
n,mperipheralmneuropathy(nervempainminmextremities)mandmgimproblemsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmUsemhyper-
fattedmsoapsmandmlotions,mmonitormpatientmformchangesminmmotormfunctionmandminformmRNmandm
physicianmofmanymbleedingmproblems/constipation/diarrhea
Whatmismthemconsequencesmofmprolongedmfluidmoverloadmandmhypertensionm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmLeftmventricularmhypertrophy
WhatmismPercarditis?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmInflammationmofmthemmembranem(pericardialmsac)maroundmthemheart
Whatmismamcommonmcausemofmhypertensionminmdialysismpatientsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmfluidmoverload
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
VERIFIED ANSWERS | LATEST EXAM |
ALREADY GRADED A+
Explainmthemfourmtransportmmechanismsmthatmplaymamroleminmhemodialysism-
mCORRECTmANSWERm●mUltrafiltration:mFluidmismpushedmthroughmamsemipermeablemmembrane.
●mConvection:mOrmsolutemdragmmeansmthatmsolutesmmovemwithmthemwatermacrossmthemsemiperme
ablemmembrane.mInmthismway,mconvectionmaddsmtomthemclearancemachievedmthroughmdiffusionmasm
solutesmaremdraggedmalongmwithmthemultrafiltrate.
●mDiffusion:mIsmthemmovementmofmdissolvedmparticlesmacrossmamsemipermeablemmembranemfrom
mthemsidemwithmthemhighermconcentrationmtomthemsidemwithmthemlowermconcentration.mThismdiffere
nceminmsolutemconcentrationmonmeachmsidemofmthemmembranemismcalledmconcentrationmgradient.m
Themhighermthemconcentrationmgradient,mthemfastermdiffusionmoccurs.mOncemthemconcentrationmof
mamdissolvedmparticlemismthemsamemonmbothmsidesmofmthemsemipermeablemmembrane,mdiffusionmst
ops.
●mOsmosis:mIsmamchemicalmprocessmbymwhichmdissolvedmchemicalsmwillmmigratemfrommanmareamofm
highmconcentrationmtomonemofmlow
concentration.mEssentiallymifmyoumdissolvemsomethingminmamliquid,mthemdissolvedmcompoundsm(call
edmsolutes)mwillmspreadmoutmuntilmtheremismanmequalmconcentrationmofmsolutemeverywhere.
Whatmaremthemkidneysmexcretorymfunctionsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmTomnormalizemelectrolytes,mremovemwastes,mprovidemfluidmandmnutrientmbal
ance
Whatmismthemfunctionmofmthemacidmconcentrationm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmProvidesmthemconcentrationmgradientmformdiffusionmandmhelpsmnormalizemele
ctrolytes
Whatmismthemfunctionmofmbicarbonatem-mCORRECTmANSWERmBuffersmthemacidmconcentrate
,Signsmandmsymptomsmofmhyperkalemiam-
mCORRECTmANSWERm>m5.5mmEq:mextrememmusclemweakness,mabnormalmheartmrhythm,mpossiblem
cardiacmarrest
Signsmandmsymptomsmofmhypokalemiam-
mCORRECTmANSWERm<m3.5mmEq:mfatigue,mmusclemweakness,mparalysis,mrespiratorymfailure,mcardia
cminstability,marrhythmias,mcardiacmarrest
Whatmaremthemkidneysmendocrinemfunctionsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmReninmsecretion,mErythropoeitinmsecretion,mVitmDmActivation
Howmdomwemreplacemnormalmendocrinemkidneymfunctionsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmProvidemmedications
Howmmuchmofmnormalmkidneymfunctionmismreplacedmbymhemodialysism-mCORRECTmANSWERm15%
Whatmismuremiamandmhowmdoesmitmaffectmthembody?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmUremiamismambuildupmofmwastesminmthembloodmduemtomkidneymfailuremandmaff
ectsmallmbodymsystems.
WhatmaremthemmostmcommonmcausesmofmCKDminmthemusa?m-mCORRECTmANSWERmDiabetes
Hypertension
PolycysticmKidneymDisease
OutlinemthemtreatmentmgoalsmformampatientmwithmCKDm-mCORRECTmANSWERm-
slowingmthemprogressionmofmckd
-managingmcomorbiditiesmandmcomplications
-controllingmsymptoms
-minimizingmthemeffectsmofmckdmonmpatients'mlifestyles
, -kidneymreplacementmtherapymmodalitymeducation
-encouragingmpatientsmtomactivelymparticipateminmtheirmhealthcare
WhymismitmimportantmtomknowmwhatmcausedmyourmpatientsmCKDm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmSomthemnursemandmPCTmcanminquiremaboutmpossiblemproblemsmduringmdatamc
ollectionmandmassessment
Whymismsodiummbalancemimportant?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmLeadsmtomvolumemexpansion,mincreasedmcardiacmoutput,mincreasedmperipher
almvascularmresistance,mandmincreasedmbloodmpressure
Signsmandmsymptomsmofmfluidmimbalancem-
mCORRECTmANSWERmEdema,mhypertension,mshortnessmofmbreath
SystemicmeffectsmofmCKDmwhatmwouldmyoumadvisemformampatientmwhomcomplainsmof:mdrymitchymski
n,mperipheralmneuropathy(nervempainminmextremities)mandmgimproblemsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmUsemhyper-
fattedmsoapsmandmlotions,mmonitormpatientmformchangesminmmotormfunctionmandminformmRNmandm
physicianmofmanymbleedingmproblems/constipation/diarrhea
Whatmismthemconsequencesmofmprolongedmfluidmoverloadmandmhypertensionm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmLeftmventricularmhypertrophy
WhatmismPercarditis?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmInflammationmofmthemmembranem(pericardialmsac)maroundmthemheart
Whatmismamcommonmcausemofmhypertensionminmdialysismpatientsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmfluidmoverload