NR283 EXAM 3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT V2
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. A patient presents with a blood glucose level of 750 mg/dL, severe dehydration, and no
ketones in the urine. Which condition is most likely?
A. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
B. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)
C. Hypoglycemic unawareness
D. Somogyi Effect
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: HHNS is characterized by extreme hyperglycemia (often >600
mg/dL) and dehydration without significant ketosis, usually occurring in Type 2 diabetics.
2. Which clinical manifestation is a hallmark of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic
Hormone (SIADH)?
A. Hyponatremia due to water retention
B. Hypernatremia due to polyuria
,C. Urine specific gravity of 1.001
D. Dehydration and tenting skin
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH involves excessive ADH release, leading to water
reabsorption in the kidneys, which dilutes the blood and causes dilutional hyponatremia.
3. In the pathophysiology of Grave’s Disease, what is the primary mechanism causing
hyperthyroidism?
A. Destruction of the thyroid gland by T-cells
B. Insufficient iodine intake leading to goiter
C. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) mimicking TSH
D. Pituitary adenoma secreting excess TSH
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies
(TSI) bind to and activate TSH receptors, causing overproduction of thyroid hormones.
4. Which of the following is the most common cause of prerenal Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
A. Hypovolemia leading to decreased renal perfusion
B. Prostate enlargement blocking urine flow
C. Nephrotoxic drugs like aminoglycosides
, D. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors external to the kidneys that
reduce blood flow, such as dehydration, hemorrhage, or heart failure.
5. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has a hemoglobin level of 8 g/dL. What is the
physiological cause of this anemia?
A. Excessive loss of blood through hemodialysis
B. Premature destruction of red blood cells by urea
C. Iron deficiency due to poor diet
D. Decreased production of erythropoietin by the kidneys
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The kidneys produce erythropoietin, which stimulates RBC
production; in CKD, this production declines, leading to anemia.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is a life-threatening concern in patients with End-Stage Renal
Disease (ESRD)?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT V2
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. A patient presents with a blood glucose level of 750 mg/dL, severe dehydration, and no
ketones in the urine. Which condition is most likely?
A. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
B. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)
C. Hypoglycemic unawareness
D. Somogyi Effect
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: HHNS is characterized by extreme hyperglycemia (often >600
mg/dL) and dehydration without significant ketosis, usually occurring in Type 2 diabetics.
2. Which clinical manifestation is a hallmark of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic
Hormone (SIADH)?
A. Hyponatremia due to water retention
B. Hypernatremia due to polyuria
,C. Urine specific gravity of 1.001
D. Dehydration and tenting skin
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH involves excessive ADH release, leading to water
reabsorption in the kidneys, which dilutes the blood and causes dilutional hyponatremia.
3. In the pathophysiology of Grave’s Disease, what is the primary mechanism causing
hyperthyroidism?
A. Destruction of the thyroid gland by T-cells
B. Insufficient iodine intake leading to goiter
C. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) mimicking TSH
D. Pituitary adenoma secreting excess TSH
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies
(TSI) bind to and activate TSH receptors, causing overproduction of thyroid hormones.
4. Which of the following is the most common cause of prerenal Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
A. Hypovolemia leading to decreased renal perfusion
B. Prostate enlargement blocking urine flow
C. Nephrotoxic drugs like aminoglycosides
, D. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors external to the kidneys that
reduce blood flow, such as dehydration, hemorrhage, or heart failure.
5. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has a hemoglobin level of 8 g/dL. What is the
physiological cause of this anemia?
A. Excessive loss of blood through hemodialysis
B. Premature destruction of red blood cells by urea
C. Iron deficiency due to poor diet
D. Decreased production of erythropoietin by the kidneys
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The kidneys produce erythropoietin, which stimulates RBC
production; in CKD, this production declines, leading to anemia.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is a life-threatening concern in patients with End-Stage Renal
Disease (ESRD)?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
