NR507 MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What are causes of iron deficiency anemia?.
Answer: Dietary deficiency
impaired absorption
increased requirement
chronic blood loss
⩥ What is thalassemia?.
Answer: It is a Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia
It is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder
Impaired synthesis of one of the two chains of adult hemoglobin
common among mediterranean descent
can be minor or major can be asymptomatic or lethal (cooley's- most
severe for the beta thalassemia- due to the complete lack of beta
proteins)
⩥ What is sickle cell anemia?.
Answer: It is normocytic-normochromic/hemolytic anemia
It is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder
,presence of atypical hemoglobin- called hemoglobin S-- the amino acid
change on the beta-globin chain (glutamine replaced for valine)- distort
erythrocytes into the sickle shape-- this cannot properly carry O2
⩥ What can happen in those with Sickle cell anemia?.
Answer: Vaso-occlusive crisis (pain), aplastic crisis (anemia),
sequestration crisis (blood pooling in spleen), hyperhemolytic crisis
(acceralated RBC destruction)
⩥ What causes a low O2 binding in sickle cell anemia?.
Answer: stress, hypoxia,anxiety, fever,cold and dehydration
⩥ What are those with sickle cell at risk for?.
Answer: CVA, splenic damage, kidney damage- most people with sickle
cell become asplenic by adults
⩥ What is hemolytic anemia?.
Answer: premature destruction of erythrocytes/RBCs
majority occur within phagocytes in lymphoid tissue
It can be congenital (sickle cell or thalassemia) or acquired (transfusion
reaction, infection or autoimmune)
⩥ What does hemolytic anemia cause.
, Answer: elevated erythropoietin to induce accelerated production of
erythrocytes and in increase in the products of hemoglobin catabolism
⩥ What can cause hemolytic anemia?.
Answer: transfusion with incorrect blood type, intravascular hemolysis
by activation of complement system, extra-vascular hemolysis by
phagocytosis of antibody-coated erythrocytes in the spleen
⩥ What is pernicious anemia?.
Answer: Vitamin B12 deficiency
It is a macrocytic anemia
It can be autosomal recessive inheritance
⩥ What causes pernicious anemia?.
Answer: Autoimmune disorder. Antiparietal antibodies cause the
destruction of parietal cells in the fundus which results in the cessation
of intrinisic factor production.
gastric bypass-- or gastrectomy
H. Pylori (HIGH RISK FACTOR)-- may need Vit B12 for life (INJ)
⩥ What is the anatomy of a kidney?.
Answer: Body's chemist, 2 bean shaped organs-- R lower than L due to
the liver on the R, 20-25% of cardiac output=1200mL/min
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What are causes of iron deficiency anemia?.
Answer: Dietary deficiency
impaired absorption
increased requirement
chronic blood loss
⩥ What is thalassemia?.
Answer: It is a Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia
It is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder
Impaired synthesis of one of the two chains of adult hemoglobin
common among mediterranean descent
can be minor or major can be asymptomatic or lethal (cooley's- most
severe for the beta thalassemia- due to the complete lack of beta
proteins)
⩥ What is sickle cell anemia?.
Answer: It is normocytic-normochromic/hemolytic anemia
It is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder
,presence of atypical hemoglobin- called hemoglobin S-- the amino acid
change on the beta-globin chain (glutamine replaced for valine)- distort
erythrocytes into the sickle shape-- this cannot properly carry O2
⩥ What can happen in those with Sickle cell anemia?.
Answer: Vaso-occlusive crisis (pain), aplastic crisis (anemia),
sequestration crisis (blood pooling in spleen), hyperhemolytic crisis
(acceralated RBC destruction)
⩥ What causes a low O2 binding in sickle cell anemia?.
Answer: stress, hypoxia,anxiety, fever,cold and dehydration
⩥ What are those with sickle cell at risk for?.
Answer: CVA, splenic damage, kidney damage- most people with sickle
cell become asplenic by adults
⩥ What is hemolytic anemia?.
Answer: premature destruction of erythrocytes/RBCs
majority occur within phagocytes in lymphoid tissue
It can be congenital (sickle cell or thalassemia) or acquired (transfusion
reaction, infection or autoimmune)
⩥ What does hemolytic anemia cause.
, Answer: elevated erythropoietin to induce accelerated production of
erythrocytes and in increase in the products of hemoglobin catabolism
⩥ What can cause hemolytic anemia?.
Answer: transfusion with incorrect blood type, intravascular hemolysis
by activation of complement system, extra-vascular hemolysis by
phagocytosis of antibody-coated erythrocytes in the spleen
⩥ What is pernicious anemia?.
Answer: Vitamin B12 deficiency
It is a macrocytic anemia
It can be autosomal recessive inheritance
⩥ What causes pernicious anemia?.
Answer: Autoimmune disorder. Antiparietal antibodies cause the
destruction of parietal cells in the fundus which results in the cessation
of intrinisic factor production.
gastric bypass-- or gastrectomy
H. Pylori (HIGH RISK FACTOR)-- may need Vit B12 for life (INJ)
⩥ What is the anatomy of a kidney?.
Answer: Body's chemist, 2 bean shaped organs-- R lower than L due to
the liver on the R, 20-25% of cardiac output=1200mL/min
