HNF 150 EXAM 2 ALAIMO QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026 UPDATE
What are the Fat-Soluble vitamins? - Answers - ADEK!!!!
- Vitamins A,D,E and K
What are the Water-soluble vitamins? - Answers - Vitamin C, and the B vitamins:
Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Folate, B12, B6, Biotin, and Pantothenic acid.
What are the B vitamins? - Answers - Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Folate, B12, B6,
Biotin, and Pantothenic acid.
Which type of vitamin tends to be more toxic? - Answers - Fat-soluble vitamins are more
likely to be toxic. Toxicity generally comes from over supplementation, not food.
How are fat-soluble vitamins digested, absorbed, and stored in the body? - Answers - -
Digestion: by bile and pancreatic enzymes
- Absorbed in the small intestine , packaged for transport through the lymphatic system.
- Stored in liver and adipose tissues, not excreted.
How are water-soluble vitamins digested, absorbed, and stored in the body? - Answers
- - Digested with the help of stomach proteins
- absorbed early in the small intestine, goes through the liver and into the bloodstream
- Very small amounts stored in body tissues and organs, excess is excreted out through
the kidneys in urine.
What are Vitamin D's main functions? - Answers - 1. Vitamin D is a steroid hormone
necessary for calcium absorption, and it regulates calcium level in blood.
2. Helps regulate phosphorus levels in blood.
3. Assists in bone metabolism
4. Aids in immune system and secretion of hormones.
What are required for Vitamin D to have it's positive effect on bones? - Answers -
Adequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus.
What are the classic Vitamin D deficiency disease(s)? - Answers - - Rickets (in children)
- Osteomalacia (adults)
- Osteoporosis (older adults)
What is Rickets and what are it's symptoms? - Answers - The Vitamin D deficiency
disease that affects children. Causes failure of cartilage in bones to mineralize.
Symptoms include:
,- Soft bones
- enlargement of ends of longbones
- growth retardation
What is Osteomalacia and what are it's symptoms? - Answers - The Vitamin D
deficiency disease that affect adults, characterized by high bone turnover and impaired
bone mineralization.
Symptoms include:
- Soft bones
- compressed spinal cord
- fractures
What is Osteoporosis and what are its symptoms? - Answers - The Vitamin D deficiency
disease that affects older adults, characterized by lower peak bone mass or even actual
bone LOSS. Weakened bone strength causes falls and fractures.
What are risk factors for Vitamin D deficiency? - Answers - - low calcium intake
- not enough exposure to sunlight
- fat malabsorption syndromes
- kidney disease
- Having darker skin or living in more Northern latitudes
How much Vitamin D is toxic, and what can happen if you ingest toxic levels? - Answers
- - Upper Level: 100mg/day
- Regular intake of 5-10x the RDA can be toxic
- ONLY from supplementation, not food or too much sun.
Signs/ Symptoms:
- Calcium deposits in soft tissues (heart, kidneys)
- Kidney stones ^
- Hardening of blood vessels, hypertension.
What are the food sources of Vitamin D? - Answers - - Fatty fishes
- Fortified Milk
- cereals and juices
- some shrooms
Which vitamin is NOT considered an essential nutrient because we can produce it from
adequate exposure to sunlight? - Answers - Vitamin D
How much sun exposure do you need to meet your bodie's Vitamin D requirements? -
Answers - - 10-15min, 2-3 times a week for pale skin
- 30+ min, 2-3 times a week for darker skin
What are the 2 forms of Vitamin D? - Answers - - D3 (more active)
- D2 (less active)
we get both from our diets.
, What are the 2 forms of Vitamin K? - Answers - K1 (phylloquinones)
- produced by chloroplasts
- found in green vegetables, beans, seeds and seed oils.
K2 ( Menaquinones)
- synthesized by bacteria in the colon
- found in fermented foods
What are the functions of Vitamin K? - Answers - 1. Blood Clotting
2. Bone and teeth metabolism
Can Vitamin K be toxic? - Answers - There is NO upper level so technically no.
Vitamin K deficiencies - Answers - Deficiency is very rare, there are no classic diseases.
- Newborns are given a Vit K injection within 6 hours of birth.
- Long term antibiotic use can affect Vit K synthesis
- Impaired fat absorption can cause deficiencies.
What are the food sources for Vitamin K? - Answers - - Green, leafy vegetables
- Fermented foods
- Seeds and seed oils
- Beans
- Bacteria in our guts
What is the leading cause of non-accidental blindness in children? - Answers - Vitamin
A deficiency
What are the main functions of Vitamin A? - Answers - 1. Vision
- helps maintain a clear cornea
- produces Rhodopsin which perceives light at the retina
2. Cell Differentiation
3. Growth and Embryonic Development
- due to cell differentiation
4. Immune Function
What can occur as a result of Vitamin A deficiency? - Answers - 1. Vision suffers
- Starts with night blindness
- can progress into Xerophthalmia (irreversible blindness) caused by cornea scarring
due to Vit A deficiency
- increased risk of Macular Degeneration
2. Keratinization
- Follicular Hyperkeratosis: epithelial cells change and secrete excess keratin
- keratinization of mucus membrane in eyes
- can cause growth retardation, increased susceptibility to infection.
Who is at risk of Vitamin A deficiencies? - Answers - - Those in poverty
2026 UPDATE
What are the Fat-Soluble vitamins? - Answers - ADEK!!!!
- Vitamins A,D,E and K
What are the Water-soluble vitamins? - Answers - Vitamin C, and the B vitamins:
Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Folate, B12, B6, Biotin, and Pantothenic acid.
What are the B vitamins? - Answers - Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Folate, B12, B6,
Biotin, and Pantothenic acid.
Which type of vitamin tends to be more toxic? - Answers - Fat-soluble vitamins are more
likely to be toxic. Toxicity generally comes from over supplementation, not food.
How are fat-soluble vitamins digested, absorbed, and stored in the body? - Answers - -
Digestion: by bile and pancreatic enzymes
- Absorbed in the small intestine , packaged for transport through the lymphatic system.
- Stored in liver and adipose tissues, not excreted.
How are water-soluble vitamins digested, absorbed, and stored in the body? - Answers
- - Digested with the help of stomach proteins
- absorbed early in the small intestine, goes through the liver and into the bloodstream
- Very small amounts stored in body tissues and organs, excess is excreted out through
the kidneys in urine.
What are Vitamin D's main functions? - Answers - 1. Vitamin D is a steroid hormone
necessary for calcium absorption, and it regulates calcium level in blood.
2. Helps regulate phosphorus levels in blood.
3. Assists in bone metabolism
4. Aids in immune system and secretion of hormones.
What are required for Vitamin D to have it's positive effect on bones? - Answers -
Adequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus.
What are the classic Vitamin D deficiency disease(s)? - Answers - - Rickets (in children)
- Osteomalacia (adults)
- Osteoporosis (older adults)
What is Rickets and what are it's symptoms? - Answers - The Vitamin D deficiency
disease that affects children. Causes failure of cartilage in bones to mineralize.
Symptoms include:
,- Soft bones
- enlargement of ends of longbones
- growth retardation
What is Osteomalacia and what are it's symptoms? - Answers - The Vitamin D
deficiency disease that affect adults, characterized by high bone turnover and impaired
bone mineralization.
Symptoms include:
- Soft bones
- compressed spinal cord
- fractures
What is Osteoporosis and what are its symptoms? - Answers - The Vitamin D deficiency
disease that affects older adults, characterized by lower peak bone mass or even actual
bone LOSS. Weakened bone strength causes falls and fractures.
What are risk factors for Vitamin D deficiency? - Answers - - low calcium intake
- not enough exposure to sunlight
- fat malabsorption syndromes
- kidney disease
- Having darker skin or living in more Northern latitudes
How much Vitamin D is toxic, and what can happen if you ingest toxic levels? - Answers
- - Upper Level: 100mg/day
- Regular intake of 5-10x the RDA can be toxic
- ONLY from supplementation, not food or too much sun.
Signs/ Symptoms:
- Calcium deposits in soft tissues (heart, kidneys)
- Kidney stones ^
- Hardening of blood vessels, hypertension.
What are the food sources of Vitamin D? - Answers - - Fatty fishes
- Fortified Milk
- cereals and juices
- some shrooms
Which vitamin is NOT considered an essential nutrient because we can produce it from
adequate exposure to sunlight? - Answers - Vitamin D
How much sun exposure do you need to meet your bodie's Vitamin D requirements? -
Answers - - 10-15min, 2-3 times a week for pale skin
- 30+ min, 2-3 times a week for darker skin
What are the 2 forms of Vitamin D? - Answers - - D3 (more active)
- D2 (less active)
we get both from our diets.
, What are the 2 forms of Vitamin K? - Answers - K1 (phylloquinones)
- produced by chloroplasts
- found in green vegetables, beans, seeds and seed oils.
K2 ( Menaquinones)
- synthesized by bacteria in the colon
- found in fermented foods
What are the functions of Vitamin K? - Answers - 1. Blood Clotting
2. Bone and teeth metabolism
Can Vitamin K be toxic? - Answers - There is NO upper level so technically no.
Vitamin K deficiencies - Answers - Deficiency is very rare, there are no classic diseases.
- Newborns are given a Vit K injection within 6 hours of birth.
- Long term antibiotic use can affect Vit K synthesis
- Impaired fat absorption can cause deficiencies.
What are the food sources for Vitamin K? - Answers - - Green, leafy vegetables
- Fermented foods
- Seeds and seed oils
- Beans
- Bacteria in our guts
What is the leading cause of non-accidental blindness in children? - Answers - Vitamin
A deficiency
What are the main functions of Vitamin A? - Answers - 1. Vision
- helps maintain a clear cornea
- produces Rhodopsin which perceives light at the retina
2. Cell Differentiation
3. Growth and Embryonic Development
- due to cell differentiation
4. Immune Function
What can occur as a result of Vitamin A deficiency? - Answers - 1. Vision suffers
- Starts with night blindness
- can progress into Xerophthalmia (irreversible blindness) caused by cornea scarring
due to Vit A deficiency
- increased risk of Macular Degeneration
2. Keratinization
- Follicular Hyperkeratosis: epithelial cells change and secrete excess keratin
- keratinization of mucus membrane in eyes
- can cause growth retardation, increased susceptibility to infection.
Who is at risk of Vitamin A deficiencies? - Answers - - Those in poverty
