NUR 2063 EXAM 2 2026 BASIC NURSING CARE
AND CLINICAL SKILLS REVISION PACKAGE
◉ How do we assess for appendicitis?
Answer: McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly
button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes
intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis
◉ What are the causes of bowel obstructions?
Answer: previous surgery of the intestines with adhesions,
congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the
intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid,
gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
◉ What is a functional bowel obstruction?
Answer: a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such
as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids,
low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from
the SNS stimulation.
◉ What is a mechanical bowel obstruction?
Answer: due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or
twisting of the intestines, intussusception
,◉ What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease?
Answer: hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting,
hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal
hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more
esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
◉ Explain what jaundice is?
Answer: green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of
bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
◉ Where can you find jaundice on assessment?
Answer: eyes, skin, and mouth
◉ Explain what ascites is?
Answer: pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free
amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it
must be drained with a parenthesis
◉ Explain hepatic encephalopathy?
Answer: neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the
blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and
psychotic symptoms common along with jerking
,◉ What is another name for end stage liver disease?
Answer: cirrhosis
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones?
Answer: sudden pain in the RUQ/ center of the abdomen, back pain,
and nauseas and vomiting.
◉ Why do gallstones occur?
Answer: due to often a blockage of a duct from a cholesterol filled
stone
◉ What are the three stages of gallstone formation?
Answer: supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility
◉ Explain supersaturation phase
Answer: bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation of
cholesterol
◉ Explain nucleation phase
Answer: the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger
stones
◉ Explain hypo motility phase
, Answer: the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more
◉ What are some of the risk factors for gallstones?
Answer: prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen,
obesity
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis?
Answer: steady and dull pain in the center or LUQ of abdomen,
severe tenderness on palpation that radiates to the back, nausea and
vomiting, abdominal distention with hypoactive bowel sounds, low
grade fevers
◉ What are the causes of pancreatitis?
Answer: alcoholism is most causes, biliary tract disease where the
enzymes attack the pancreas, hypertriglyceridemia
◉ What are the three function of the kidneys
Answer: excretion, elimination, regulation
◉ Explain what excretion is?
Answer: removal of organic waste products from body fluids
◉ Explain what elimination is?
AND CLINICAL SKILLS REVISION PACKAGE
◉ How do we assess for appendicitis?
Answer: McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly
button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes
intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis
◉ What are the causes of bowel obstructions?
Answer: previous surgery of the intestines with adhesions,
congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the
intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid,
gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
◉ What is a functional bowel obstruction?
Answer: a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such
as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids,
low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from
the SNS stimulation.
◉ What is a mechanical bowel obstruction?
Answer: due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or
twisting of the intestines, intussusception
,◉ What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease?
Answer: hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting,
hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal
hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more
esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
◉ Explain what jaundice is?
Answer: green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of
bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
◉ Where can you find jaundice on assessment?
Answer: eyes, skin, and mouth
◉ Explain what ascites is?
Answer: pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free
amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it
must be drained with a parenthesis
◉ Explain hepatic encephalopathy?
Answer: neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the
blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and
psychotic symptoms common along with jerking
,◉ What is another name for end stage liver disease?
Answer: cirrhosis
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones?
Answer: sudden pain in the RUQ/ center of the abdomen, back pain,
and nauseas and vomiting.
◉ Why do gallstones occur?
Answer: due to often a blockage of a duct from a cholesterol filled
stone
◉ What are the three stages of gallstone formation?
Answer: supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility
◉ Explain supersaturation phase
Answer: bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation of
cholesterol
◉ Explain nucleation phase
Answer: the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger
stones
◉ Explain hypo motility phase
, Answer: the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more
◉ What are some of the risk factors for gallstones?
Answer: prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen,
obesity
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis?
Answer: steady and dull pain in the center or LUQ of abdomen,
severe tenderness on palpation that radiates to the back, nausea and
vomiting, abdominal distention with hypoactive bowel sounds, low
grade fevers
◉ What are the causes of pancreatitis?
Answer: alcoholism is most causes, biliary tract disease where the
enzymes attack the pancreas, hypertriglyceridemia
◉ What are the three function of the kidneys
Answer: excretion, elimination, regulation
◉ Explain what excretion is?
Answer: removal of organic waste products from body fluids
◉ Explain what elimination is?
