NUR 641 E FINAL 2026 FINAL PAPER COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FULL SOLUTION
◉ 1.Also known as a side effect, an undesirable reaction that
accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken
include allergic reactions and adverse drug effects
2. Either pharmacological or idiosyncratic
3. 85-90% of ADRs are pharmacological
4. Reporting is not mandated by FDA thus are not commonly
reported
5. usually preventable occur in hospital and nursing homes due to
med errors
6. Polypharmacy, multiple doctors and multiple pharmacies increase
risk.
Answer: Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)
◉ 1. end in pril: lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril
and fosinopril
2. suppress release of angiotensin converting enzyme
3. side effects include cough and angioedema, with angioedema the
medication should be discontinued.
Answer: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
,◉ 1. -sartan: candesartan, eprosartan, ibesartan, Isosartan,
telmisartan, valsartan
2.block angiotensin 11 receptors.
Answer: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
◉ Essential HTN accounts for 90% of cases and is also called
primary, secondary may be caused by CKD.
Answer: Essential vs Secondary HTN
◉ use: angina pectoris
action: dilate veins and arteries and thereby reducing ischemia and
relieving pain by decreasing myocardial O2 consumption
Side effects: throbbing HA, flushing, hypotension tachycardia
available: IV, SL, topical ointment and transdermal patch
contraindicated with PDE-5 (sildanfil and vardenafil).
Answer: Nitroglycerin (Nitrate)
◉ 1. antiarrhythmic of choice when there is coexisting heart failure
2. can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity.
Answer: Amiodarone
◉ vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
,Answer: Alpha 1 adrenergic stimulation results
◉ Decrease sympathetic stimulation causing vasodilation and
decreased blood pressure.
Answer: alpha 1 blockade
◉ stimulation by beta agonists (isoproterenol) result in increased
heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output
2. blockade results in decreased heart rate, bp, and cardiac output.
Answer: beta 1 adrenergic
◉ The heart does not adequately circulate blood to systemic system.
Due to pressure overload or volume overload causing a reduction of
oxygenated blood to body tissue.
Answer: left heart failure
◉ 1.Associated with pulmonary disease and increased pulmonary
vascular resistance
2.The heart does not adequately circulate blood to the pulmonic
system. Can be due to volume overload or regurgitation in Tricuspid
Valve or Pulmonic Valve.
Can lead to systemic edema, back up of blood in liver and lower
extremities.
Answer: Right heart failure
, ◉ 1.Inhibit water transport across Loop of Henle work on receptors
in ascending renal loop
2.inhibit reabsorption of NaCL at site in kidney
3. potent diuretic (Lasix) can cause hypokalemia.
Answer: Loop diuretics MOA
◉ spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride.
Answer: Potassium sparing diuretics
◉ phosphodiesterase inhibitor used to treat acute heart failure.
Answer: Milrinone (Primacor)
◉ children squat to compensate for hypoxia.
Answer: Tetrallogy of Fallot squatting
◉ 1.passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the
pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth
2. continuous machine like murmur heard over left upper sternal
border in both systole and diastole
3. pulse is bounding and has thrill during palpation
4. Treated with IV NSAIDs such as indomethacin.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FULL SOLUTION
◉ 1.Also known as a side effect, an undesirable reaction that
accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken
include allergic reactions and adverse drug effects
2. Either pharmacological or idiosyncratic
3. 85-90% of ADRs are pharmacological
4. Reporting is not mandated by FDA thus are not commonly
reported
5. usually preventable occur in hospital and nursing homes due to
med errors
6. Polypharmacy, multiple doctors and multiple pharmacies increase
risk.
Answer: Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)
◉ 1. end in pril: lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril
and fosinopril
2. suppress release of angiotensin converting enzyme
3. side effects include cough and angioedema, with angioedema the
medication should be discontinued.
Answer: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
,◉ 1. -sartan: candesartan, eprosartan, ibesartan, Isosartan,
telmisartan, valsartan
2.block angiotensin 11 receptors.
Answer: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
◉ Essential HTN accounts for 90% of cases and is also called
primary, secondary may be caused by CKD.
Answer: Essential vs Secondary HTN
◉ use: angina pectoris
action: dilate veins and arteries and thereby reducing ischemia and
relieving pain by decreasing myocardial O2 consumption
Side effects: throbbing HA, flushing, hypotension tachycardia
available: IV, SL, topical ointment and transdermal patch
contraindicated with PDE-5 (sildanfil and vardenafil).
Answer: Nitroglycerin (Nitrate)
◉ 1. antiarrhythmic of choice when there is coexisting heart failure
2. can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity.
Answer: Amiodarone
◉ vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
,Answer: Alpha 1 adrenergic stimulation results
◉ Decrease sympathetic stimulation causing vasodilation and
decreased blood pressure.
Answer: alpha 1 blockade
◉ stimulation by beta agonists (isoproterenol) result in increased
heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output
2. blockade results in decreased heart rate, bp, and cardiac output.
Answer: beta 1 adrenergic
◉ The heart does not adequately circulate blood to systemic system.
Due to pressure overload or volume overload causing a reduction of
oxygenated blood to body tissue.
Answer: left heart failure
◉ 1.Associated with pulmonary disease and increased pulmonary
vascular resistance
2.The heart does not adequately circulate blood to the pulmonic
system. Can be due to volume overload or regurgitation in Tricuspid
Valve or Pulmonic Valve.
Can lead to systemic edema, back up of blood in liver and lower
extremities.
Answer: Right heart failure
, ◉ 1.Inhibit water transport across Loop of Henle work on receptors
in ascending renal loop
2.inhibit reabsorption of NaCL at site in kidney
3. potent diuretic (Lasix) can cause hypokalemia.
Answer: Loop diuretics MOA
◉ spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride.
Answer: Potassium sparing diuretics
◉ phosphodiesterase inhibitor used to treat acute heart failure.
Answer: Milrinone (Primacor)
◉ children squat to compensate for hypoxia.
Answer: Tetrallogy of Fallot squatting
◉ 1.passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the
pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth
2. continuous machine like murmur heard over left upper sternal
border in both systole and diastole
3. pulse is bounding and has thrill during palpation
4. Treated with IV NSAIDs such as indomethacin.
