COG170 COGITO FUNDAMENTALS
BUNDLED TESTS VERIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Common bacterial causes of pneumonia.
Answer: -Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Most common cause of
pneumonia. Elderly, debilitated, malnourished, or cardiopulmonary
patients.
-Staphylococcus Aureas: Often a complication of influenza or viral
pneumonia. Elderly, debilitated hospitalized patients or chronic lung
disease.
-Streptococcus Pyogenes: Complication of viral infection such as
influenza or measles
-Klebsiella Pneumoniae: Common in hospitalized, debilitated patients,
diabetics, and alcoholics. Elderly infected with this bacteria have a high
mortality!
-Haemophilus Influenza: Commonly seen in infants and children.
Occurs in adults with COPD.
⩥ Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia.
,Answer: -Occurs in any individual who has had contact with healthcare
system
-Patients who have received infusion therapy or dialysis or have resided
in a nursing home within 90 days of the diagnosis are said to have a
healthcare-associated pneumonia
-Common causes: Gram-negative (harder to treat) Klebsiella,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E-Coli
⩥ Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia.
Answer: -Diagnosed 48 hours after admission to hospital
-Common causes: Gram-negative (harder to treat) Klebsiella,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E-Coli
⩥ Tuberculosis.
Answer: -Most commonly occurs in disadvantaged populations
-Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Spread via droplets containing the organism
⩥ Tuberculosis Stages.
Answer: 1. Primary infection: Macrophages engulf the mycobacterium
and form a granuloma (mass) called a Ghon. Inflammatory cascade is
triggered. Center of lesion necroses and eventually calcifies. This
infection is usually asymptomatic and does not cause active disease.
,2. Secondary infection: Ghon has activated and the infection has spread
to additional sites within the lung. SIGNS OF INFECTION OCCUR:
fever, hemoptysis, pleural effusion, wasting, weight loss. Lesions often
occur in the apices (highest point of lung). These individuals are
infectious and can spread disease! Mycobacterium can spread to other
parts of the body via blood or lymphatic systems.
⩥ During what stage of TB infection is the patient infectious and has
signs/symptoms?.
Answer: Secondary infection
⩥ Lung cancers.
Answer: -Usually malignant
-Most cancer lesions are metastatic lesions from from a different primary
cancer
-Lung cancer = leading cause of death from cancer in men and women
-Smokers develop 90% of primary lung cancer tumors
-Most common primary lung cancer tumors are small cell and squamous
cell carcinomas
- There are no good screening tests to diagnose lung cancer in early
stages, so most get diagnosed in late stages
-Complications: Superior vena cava syndrome, hoarseness, pleural
effusion, malnutrition, weight loss
⩥ Pulmonary Atrial Hypertension.
, Answer: -Hypertension in pulmonary artery
-Mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 at rest (normal is 15-
18)
-May be secondary to genetic defect in the gene that codes bone
morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2)
-Risk factors: diet meds (caffeine), amphetamines, cocaine, COPD, left
heart failure/valvular disease
-Patho: Overabundance of vasoconstrictors and ineffecicent vasodilators
(think caffeine, cocaine, ), leading to CONSTRICTION OF
PULMONARY ARTERY. Precapillary pulmonary arteries become
resistant to vasoconstriction. Increased calcium causes vasoconstriction.
-The higher the pressure in the pulmonary artery, the harder the right
ventricle has to work as it has to push against the increased pressure.
Right ventricle will compensate for the increased workload by enlarging
and will eventually fail, causing cor pulmonale (abnormal enlargement
of right side of heart)
Signs:
Chest x-ray - enlarged right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Symptoms: fatigue, chest pain, tachypnea, dyspnea on exertion,
palpitations, cough. Signs of right-sided heart failure (JVD,
hepatosplenomegaly, peripheral edema)
BUNDLED TESTS VERIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Common bacterial causes of pneumonia.
Answer: -Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Most common cause of
pneumonia. Elderly, debilitated, malnourished, or cardiopulmonary
patients.
-Staphylococcus Aureas: Often a complication of influenza or viral
pneumonia. Elderly, debilitated hospitalized patients or chronic lung
disease.
-Streptococcus Pyogenes: Complication of viral infection such as
influenza or measles
-Klebsiella Pneumoniae: Common in hospitalized, debilitated patients,
diabetics, and alcoholics. Elderly infected with this bacteria have a high
mortality!
-Haemophilus Influenza: Commonly seen in infants and children.
Occurs in adults with COPD.
⩥ Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia.
,Answer: -Occurs in any individual who has had contact with healthcare
system
-Patients who have received infusion therapy or dialysis or have resided
in a nursing home within 90 days of the diagnosis are said to have a
healthcare-associated pneumonia
-Common causes: Gram-negative (harder to treat) Klebsiella,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E-Coli
⩥ Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia.
Answer: -Diagnosed 48 hours after admission to hospital
-Common causes: Gram-negative (harder to treat) Klebsiella,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E-Coli
⩥ Tuberculosis.
Answer: -Most commonly occurs in disadvantaged populations
-Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Spread via droplets containing the organism
⩥ Tuberculosis Stages.
Answer: 1. Primary infection: Macrophages engulf the mycobacterium
and form a granuloma (mass) called a Ghon. Inflammatory cascade is
triggered. Center of lesion necroses and eventually calcifies. This
infection is usually asymptomatic and does not cause active disease.
,2. Secondary infection: Ghon has activated and the infection has spread
to additional sites within the lung. SIGNS OF INFECTION OCCUR:
fever, hemoptysis, pleural effusion, wasting, weight loss. Lesions often
occur in the apices (highest point of lung). These individuals are
infectious and can spread disease! Mycobacterium can spread to other
parts of the body via blood or lymphatic systems.
⩥ During what stage of TB infection is the patient infectious and has
signs/symptoms?.
Answer: Secondary infection
⩥ Lung cancers.
Answer: -Usually malignant
-Most cancer lesions are metastatic lesions from from a different primary
cancer
-Lung cancer = leading cause of death from cancer in men and women
-Smokers develop 90% of primary lung cancer tumors
-Most common primary lung cancer tumors are small cell and squamous
cell carcinomas
- There are no good screening tests to diagnose lung cancer in early
stages, so most get diagnosed in late stages
-Complications: Superior vena cava syndrome, hoarseness, pleural
effusion, malnutrition, weight loss
⩥ Pulmonary Atrial Hypertension.
, Answer: -Hypertension in pulmonary artery
-Mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 at rest (normal is 15-
18)
-May be secondary to genetic defect in the gene that codes bone
morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2)
-Risk factors: diet meds (caffeine), amphetamines, cocaine, COPD, left
heart failure/valvular disease
-Patho: Overabundance of vasoconstrictors and ineffecicent vasodilators
(think caffeine, cocaine, ), leading to CONSTRICTION OF
PULMONARY ARTERY. Precapillary pulmonary arteries become
resistant to vasoconstriction. Increased calcium causes vasoconstriction.
-The higher the pressure in the pulmonary artery, the harder the right
ventricle has to work as it has to push against the increased pressure.
Right ventricle will compensate for the increased workload by enlarging
and will eventually fail, causing cor pulmonale (abnormal enlargement
of right side of heart)
Signs:
Chest x-ray - enlarged right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Symptoms: fatigue, chest pain, tachypnea, dyspnea on exertion,
palpitations, cough. Signs of right-sided heart failure (JVD,
hepatosplenomegaly, peripheral edema)
