NSG 522 Final Exam Revised — Epidemiology
and Biostatistics, Complete Exam Review
Questions with Answers
Introduction
This document provides comprehensive NSG 522 final exam
preparation covering epidemiology, biostatistics, disease
occurrence, prevention, infectious disease transmission,
surveillance, vital statistics, study designs, screening, measures of
association, and outbreak investigation. It includes 265 review
questions and answers addressing descriptive and analytic
epidemiology, incidence and prevalence, relative risk and odds
ratios, confidence intervals, evidence-based research, screening-
test characteristics, epidemiologic triads, and the 14 steps of field
investigation.
Exam Questions and Answers
61.The Causal Pie Model--- correct precise answer --- - Causative
agent of event
-Characteristics of the person
-Characteristics of the environment
-Presence of preventative factors
-Action of catalysts or additive factors
-Mediating and moderating factors
-Interaction between factors
62.Necessary Cause--- correct precise answer --- - The factor must
be present for the disease to occur
,- The disease does not occur unless the factor is present
63.Sufficient Cause--- correct precise answer --- - The presence of
the factor or group of factors is enough for the disease to occur
- The disease can also occur with other groups of factors
64.Confounding--- correct precise answer --- - From the Latin word
'confundere' which means to mix together
-Occurs when an extrinsic factor is associated with an outcome and,
independent of that association, is also linked with an exposure
-Ever present problem in epidemiological studies
65.Bradford Hill Criteria for Causation--- correct precise answer ---
- Strength of association
-Consistency
-Specificity
-Temporal relationship
-Biological gradient
-Plausibility
-Coherence
-Analogy
-Experimental Evidence
66.Etiology of Disease Models--- correct precise answer --- -
Epidemiological Triad or Triangle
-BEINGS Model
-Web of Causation
67.Epidemiological Triad or Triangle--- correct precise answer --- -
Agent--- correct precise answer --- cause of disease
-Host--- correct precise answer --- the human or animal that is
susceptible to disease
,-Environment--- correct precise answer --- includes those
surroundings and conditions external to the human or animal that
cause or allow disease transmission
68.BEINGS Model of Disease Causation--- correct precise answer ---
B--- correct precise answer --- Biological/Behavioral E--- correct
precise answer --- Environmental
I--- correct precise answer --- Immunological N--- correct precise
answer --- Nutritional
G--- correct precise answer --- Genetic
S--- correct precise answer --- Services, Social, Spiritual
69.Web of Causation--- correct precise answer --- graphic, pictorial,
or paradigm representations of complex sets of events or
conditions caused by an array of activities connected to a common
core or common experience or event
70.Spectrum of Disease--- correct precise answer --- - Describes the
severity of disease
- Can vary from mild to fatal
71.Natural History of Disease--- correct precise answer --- -
Describes the progression of the disease if no medical intervention
is taken, and the disease is allowed to run its full course
- Four stages of disease--- correct precise answer --- susceptibility,
subclinical, clinical, recovery/disability/death
72.Stage of Susceptibility--- correct precise answer --- Precedes the
disease, involves the likelihood that a host has of developing
disease
73.Stage of Subclinical Disease--- correct precise answer --- -
Pathological changes occur and some can be detected by screening
-No apparent symptoms, person is asymptomatic
, -Incubation period for infectious diseases
-Latency for chronic diseases
74.Stage of Clinical Disease--- correct precise answer --- - Onset of
symptoms
- Diagnosis usually occurs at this stage
75.Levels of Prevention--- correct precise answer --- - Primary
-Secondary
-Tertiary
76.Primary Level of Prevention--- correct precise answer --- - May
occur during the stag of susceptibility, before any disease process
has started
-Protects against the disease, placing the host in good health
-Includes--- correct precise answer --- protecting against disease
(immunization)
77.Secondary Level of Prevention--- correct precise answer --- - May
occur during the stage of pre symptomatic disease or the stage of
clinical disease
-Early detection and prompt intervention to control the disease and
minimize or eliminate complications
-Includes--- correct precise answer --- regular screenings
(mammograms, STI screening)
78.Tertiary Level of Prevention--- correct precise answer --- - May
occur during the stage of clinical disease or in the final stage when
disability (limited functional ability for ADLs due to a medical
condition) has occured
-Measures aim at reducing long-term impact of disease and
disability
and Biostatistics, Complete Exam Review
Questions with Answers
Introduction
This document provides comprehensive NSG 522 final exam
preparation covering epidemiology, biostatistics, disease
occurrence, prevention, infectious disease transmission,
surveillance, vital statistics, study designs, screening, measures of
association, and outbreak investigation. It includes 265 review
questions and answers addressing descriptive and analytic
epidemiology, incidence and prevalence, relative risk and odds
ratios, confidence intervals, evidence-based research, screening-
test characteristics, epidemiologic triads, and the 14 steps of field
investigation.
Exam Questions and Answers
61.The Causal Pie Model--- correct precise answer --- - Causative
agent of event
-Characteristics of the person
-Characteristics of the environment
-Presence of preventative factors
-Action of catalysts or additive factors
-Mediating and moderating factors
-Interaction between factors
62.Necessary Cause--- correct precise answer --- - The factor must
be present for the disease to occur
,- The disease does not occur unless the factor is present
63.Sufficient Cause--- correct precise answer --- - The presence of
the factor or group of factors is enough for the disease to occur
- The disease can also occur with other groups of factors
64.Confounding--- correct precise answer --- - From the Latin word
'confundere' which means to mix together
-Occurs when an extrinsic factor is associated with an outcome and,
independent of that association, is also linked with an exposure
-Ever present problem in epidemiological studies
65.Bradford Hill Criteria for Causation--- correct precise answer ---
- Strength of association
-Consistency
-Specificity
-Temporal relationship
-Biological gradient
-Plausibility
-Coherence
-Analogy
-Experimental Evidence
66.Etiology of Disease Models--- correct precise answer --- -
Epidemiological Triad or Triangle
-BEINGS Model
-Web of Causation
67.Epidemiological Triad or Triangle--- correct precise answer --- -
Agent--- correct precise answer --- cause of disease
-Host--- correct precise answer --- the human or animal that is
susceptible to disease
,-Environment--- correct precise answer --- includes those
surroundings and conditions external to the human or animal that
cause or allow disease transmission
68.BEINGS Model of Disease Causation--- correct precise answer ---
B--- correct precise answer --- Biological/Behavioral E--- correct
precise answer --- Environmental
I--- correct precise answer --- Immunological N--- correct precise
answer --- Nutritional
G--- correct precise answer --- Genetic
S--- correct precise answer --- Services, Social, Spiritual
69.Web of Causation--- correct precise answer --- graphic, pictorial,
or paradigm representations of complex sets of events or
conditions caused by an array of activities connected to a common
core or common experience or event
70.Spectrum of Disease--- correct precise answer --- - Describes the
severity of disease
- Can vary from mild to fatal
71.Natural History of Disease--- correct precise answer --- -
Describes the progression of the disease if no medical intervention
is taken, and the disease is allowed to run its full course
- Four stages of disease--- correct precise answer --- susceptibility,
subclinical, clinical, recovery/disability/death
72.Stage of Susceptibility--- correct precise answer --- Precedes the
disease, involves the likelihood that a host has of developing
disease
73.Stage of Subclinical Disease--- correct precise answer --- -
Pathological changes occur and some can be detected by screening
-No apparent symptoms, person is asymptomatic
, -Incubation period for infectious diseases
-Latency for chronic diseases
74.Stage of Clinical Disease--- correct precise answer --- - Onset of
symptoms
- Diagnosis usually occurs at this stage
75.Levels of Prevention--- correct precise answer --- - Primary
-Secondary
-Tertiary
76.Primary Level of Prevention--- correct precise answer --- - May
occur during the stag of susceptibility, before any disease process
has started
-Protects against the disease, placing the host in good health
-Includes--- correct precise answer --- protecting against disease
(immunization)
77.Secondary Level of Prevention--- correct precise answer --- - May
occur during the stage of pre symptomatic disease or the stage of
clinical disease
-Early detection and prompt intervention to control the disease and
minimize or eliminate complications
-Includes--- correct precise answer --- regular screenings
(mammograms, STI screening)
78.Tertiary Level of Prevention--- correct precise answer --- - May
occur during the stage of clinical disease or in the final stage when
disability (limited functional ability for ADLs due to a medical
condition) has occured
-Measures aim at reducing long-term impact of disease and
disability
