NSG-532 EXAM 2 WITH ACTUAL CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED
ANSWERS| CURRENTLY TESTING VERSION |
ALREADY GRADED A+|NEWEST|EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS 2026/2027|
RUSH UNIVERSITY
Define Immunology
The science of self and non-self discrimination involving immune organs, immune cells,
and immune proteins; responsible for recognizing and eliminating foreign material while
maintaining tolerance to self
Physiological responses of the immune system
Proper non-self recognition; Effective immune response; Complete elimination of
foreign material; Long-lasting immunological memory
Pathological responses of the immune system
Hyperactivity includes autoimmunity and hypersensitivity; Hypoactivity includes
immunodeficiency, malignancy, and persistent infection
Definition of self versus non-self
Self refers to normal, well-ordered body cells and tissues; Non-self refers to external
pathogens or internal disordered self such as mutated, infected, or aged cells
Examples of non-self organisms and cells
External pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites; Internal altered self
such as transformed, infected, aged, or transplanted cells
Definition of antigen and immunogen
1|Page
,Antigen is a molecule that reacts with immune system products but may not cause a
strong response; Immunogen is a molecule that provokes a strong immune response
and generates memory
Factors determining immunogenicity
Degree of foreignness; Molecular size and weight; Chemical complexity; Ability to be
degraded and presented; Dose; Route of entry or presentation
Definition and example of hapten
Hapten is a small molecule that is non-immunogenic alone but becomes immunogenic
when bound to a carrier protein; Example is poison ivy resin
Primary immune organs
Thymus and bone marrow
Function of primary immune organs
Site of stem cell differentiation, proliferation, and maturation into functional immune
cells
Role of the thymus in immunity
Differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes; Elimination of self-reactive T cells;
Ensures survival of functional, non-self reactive T cells
Steps of T lymphocyte maturation in the thymus
1. Immature double negative cells enter the corticomedullary junction; 2. T-cell
receptor genes rearrange; 3. Double positive stage undergoes positive selection; 4.
Single positive cells commit to helper or cytotoxic lineages; 5. Negative selection
eliminates self-reactive cells; 6. Mature naïve T cells exit to secondary organs
Role of bone marrow in immunity
Site of hematopoiesis and B lymphocyte differentiation; Negative selection and export
of mature B cells to lymphoid tissues
Steps of B lymphocyte development in bone marrow
2|Page
, 1. Stem cell becomes lymphoid stem cell; 2. Pro-B cell rearranges heavy chain genes; 3.
Pre-B cell rearranges light chain and expresses pre-B receptor; 4. Immature B cell
expresses full receptor and undergoes negative selection; 5. Mature B cell exits bone
marrow; 6. B cell in lymph node differentiates into plasma or memory cell
Secondary immune organs
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix
Function of secondary immune organs
Sites where lymphocytes encounter antigens and initiate immune responses
Structure of lymph node
Has capsule and subcapsular sinus for lymph entry; Cortex with B cell follicles;
Paracortex with T lymphocytes; Medulla with plasma cells and antigen-presenting cells
Structure and function of the spleen
White pulp contains B and T lymphocytes and germinal centers; Red pulp contains red
blood cells, macrophages, and monocytes; Filters blood, stores monocytes, and
removes aged red blood cells
Difference between specific and non-specific immune cells
Specific immune cells include B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes; Non-specific immune
cells include phagocytes, antigen-presenting cells, and natural killer cells
Definition of leukocytopoiesis
The process of forming white blood cells from bone marrow stem cells through myeloid
and lymphoid lineages
Steps of leukocytopoiesis through myeloid lineage
Hematopoietic stem cell becomes myeloid stem cell; Differentiates into myeloblast;
Matures into neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, or monocytes; Monocytes further
differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
Steps of leukocytopoiesis through lymphoid lineage
3|Page
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED
ANSWERS| CURRENTLY TESTING VERSION |
ALREADY GRADED A+|NEWEST|EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS 2026/2027|
RUSH UNIVERSITY
Define Immunology
The science of self and non-self discrimination involving immune organs, immune cells,
and immune proteins; responsible for recognizing and eliminating foreign material while
maintaining tolerance to self
Physiological responses of the immune system
Proper non-self recognition; Effective immune response; Complete elimination of
foreign material; Long-lasting immunological memory
Pathological responses of the immune system
Hyperactivity includes autoimmunity and hypersensitivity; Hypoactivity includes
immunodeficiency, malignancy, and persistent infection
Definition of self versus non-self
Self refers to normal, well-ordered body cells and tissues; Non-self refers to external
pathogens or internal disordered self such as mutated, infected, or aged cells
Examples of non-self organisms and cells
External pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites; Internal altered self
such as transformed, infected, aged, or transplanted cells
Definition of antigen and immunogen
1|Page
,Antigen is a molecule that reacts with immune system products but may not cause a
strong response; Immunogen is a molecule that provokes a strong immune response
and generates memory
Factors determining immunogenicity
Degree of foreignness; Molecular size and weight; Chemical complexity; Ability to be
degraded and presented; Dose; Route of entry or presentation
Definition and example of hapten
Hapten is a small molecule that is non-immunogenic alone but becomes immunogenic
when bound to a carrier protein; Example is poison ivy resin
Primary immune organs
Thymus and bone marrow
Function of primary immune organs
Site of stem cell differentiation, proliferation, and maturation into functional immune
cells
Role of the thymus in immunity
Differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes; Elimination of self-reactive T cells;
Ensures survival of functional, non-self reactive T cells
Steps of T lymphocyte maturation in the thymus
1. Immature double negative cells enter the corticomedullary junction; 2. T-cell
receptor genes rearrange; 3. Double positive stage undergoes positive selection; 4.
Single positive cells commit to helper or cytotoxic lineages; 5. Negative selection
eliminates self-reactive cells; 6. Mature naïve T cells exit to secondary organs
Role of bone marrow in immunity
Site of hematopoiesis and B lymphocyte differentiation; Negative selection and export
of mature B cells to lymphoid tissues
Steps of B lymphocyte development in bone marrow
2|Page
, 1. Stem cell becomes lymphoid stem cell; 2. Pro-B cell rearranges heavy chain genes; 3.
Pre-B cell rearranges light chain and expresses pre-B receptor; 4. Immature B cell
expresses full receptor and undergoes negative selection; 5. Mature B cell exits bone
marrow; 6. B cell in lymph node differentiates into plasma or memory cell
Secondary immune organs
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix
Function of secondary immune organs
Sites where lymphocytes encounter antigens and initiate immune responses
Structure of lymph node
Has capsule and subcapsular sinus for lymph entry; Cortex with B cell follicles;
Paracortex with T lymphocytes; Medulla with plasma cells and antigen-presenting cells
Structure and function of the spleen
White pulp contains B and T lymphocytes and germinal centers; Red pulp contains red
blood cells, macrophages, and monocytes; Filters blood, stores monocytes, and
removes aged red blood cells
Difference between specific and non-specific immune cells
Specific immune cells include B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes; Non-specific immune
cells include phagocytes, antigen-presenting cells, and natural killer cells
Definition of leukocytopoiesis
The process of forming white blood cells from bone marrow stem cells through myeloid
and lymphoid lineages
Steps of leukocytopoiesis through myeloid lineage
Hematopoietic stem cell becomes myeloid stem cell; Differentiates into myeloblast;
Matures into neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, or monocytes; Monocytes further
differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
Steps of leukocytopoiesis through lymphoid lineage
3|Page
