DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 AND DKA
UNFOLDING REASONING NURSING PRIORITY
ACTIONS AND MANAGEMENT BREAKDOWN
2026
◉ What was the rank of diabetes as a cause of death in 2015?
Answer: 7th leading cause of death
◉ What are major complications of diabetes? Answer: Blindness,
renal failure, cardiovascular disease, stroke, amputation, pregnancy
complications
◉ What controls the diffusion of glucose into cells? Answer: GLUT
transporters
◉ Is GLUT 1 insulin dependent or independent? Answer:
Independent
◉ Is GLUT 2 insulin dependent or independent? Answer:
Independent
◉ Is GLUT 3 insulin dependent or independent? Answer:
Independent
,◉ Is GLUT 4 insulin dependent or independent? Answer: Dependent
◉ Where is GLUT 1 found? Answer: Blood-brain barrier,
erythrocytes, pancreatic beta cells
◉ Where is GLUT 2 found? Answer: Liver and pancreatic beta cells
◉ Where is GLUT 3 found? Answer: Neurons and pancreatic beta
cells
◉ Where is GLUT 4 found? Answer: Muscle and adipose tissue
◉ What hormone is produced by beta cells? Answer: Insulin
◉ What hormone is produced by alpha cells? Answer: Glucagon
◉ What hormone is produced by delta cells? Answer: Somatostatin
◉ What hormone is produced by F (PP) cells? Answer: Pancreatic
polypeptide
,◉ What is the main stimulus for insulin release? Answer: Glucose
◉ What is the incretin effect? Answer: GIP and GLP-1 stimulate
insulin release; GLP-1 inhibits glucagon
◉ What does insulin stimulate? Answer: Glucose uptake,
glycogenesis, protein synthesis, fat deposition, growth
◉ What does insulin inhibit? Answer: Gluconeogenesis and liver
glucose production
◉ What happens in the fed state? Answer: Insulin increases; glucose
uptake and glycogenesis occur
◉ What produces glucose during fasting? Answer: Glycogenolysis
and gluconeogenesis
◉ What happens to insulin during fasting? Answer: It falls to basal
level
◉ What is the main hormone responsible for fasting glucose
production? Answer: Glucagon
◉ What happens to insulin during exercise? Answer: It decreases
, ◉ What increases during exercise? Answer: Glucagon and
catecholamines
◉ Why does glucose remain stable during exercise? Answer: Muscle
contractions increase insulin sensitivity
◉ What are two stress hormones affecting glucose? Answer:
Corticosteroids and catecholamines
◉ What is the effect of corticosteroids? Answer: Increase glucose
production and decrease glucose utilization
◉ What is the effect of catecholamines? Answer: Increase free fatty
acids and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake
◉ What is the definition of diabetes mellitus? Answer: Chronic
hyperglycemia
◉ What is the random glucose diagnostic value for diabetes
mellitus? Answer: ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms
◉ What is the fasting glucose diagnostic value for diabetes mellitus?
Answer: ≥126 mg/dL
UNFOLDING REASONING NURSING PRIORITY
ACTIONS AND MANAGEMENT BREAKDOWN
2026
◉ What was the rank of diabetes as a cause of death in 2015?
Answer: 7th leading cause of death
◉ What are major complications of diabetes? Answer: Blindness,
renal failure, cardiovascular disease, stroke, amputation, pregnancy
complications
◉ What controls the diffusion of glucose into cells? Answer: GLUT
transporters
◉ Is GLUT 1 insulin dependent or independent? Answer:
Independent
◉ Is GLUT 2 insulin dependent or independent? Answer:
Independent
◉ Is GLUT 3 insulin dependent or independent? Answer:
Independent
,◉ Is GLUT 4 insulin dependent or independent? Answer: Dependent
◉ Where is GLUT 1 found? Answer: Blood-brain barrier,
erythrocytes, pancreatic beta cells
◉ Where is GLUT 2 found? Answer: Liver and pancreatic beta cells
◉ Where is GLUT 3 found? Answer: Neurons and pancreatic beta
cells
◉ Where is GLUT 4 found? Answer: Muscle and adipose tissue
◉ What hormone is produced by beta cells? Answer: Insulin
◉ What hormone is produced by alpha cells? Answer: Glucagon
◉ What hormone is produced by delta cells? Answer: Somatostatin
◉ What hormone is produced by F (PP) cells? Answer: Pancreatic
polypeptide
,◉ What is the main stimulus for insulin release? Answer: Glucose
◉ What is the incretin effect? Answer: GIP and GLP-1 stimulate
insulin release; GLP-1 inhibits glucagon
◉ What does insulin stimulate? Answer: Glucose uptake,
glycogenesis, protein synthesis, fat deposition, growth
◉ What does insulin inhibit? Answer: Gluconeogenesis and liver
glucose production
◉ What happens in the fed state? Answer: Insulin increases; glucose
uptake and glycogenesis occur
◉ What produces glucose during fasting? Answer: Glycogenolysis
and gluconeogenesis
◉ What happens to insulin during fasting? Answer: It falls to basal
level
◉ What is the main hormone responsible for fasting glucose
production? Answer: Glucagon
◉ What happens to insulin during exercise? Answer: It decreases
, ◉ What increases during exercise? Answer: Glucagon and
catecholamines
◉ Why does glucose remain stable during exercise? Answer: Muscle
contractions increase insulin sensitivity
◉ What are two stress hormones affecting glucose? Answer:
Corticosteroids and catecholamines
◉ What is the effect of corticosteroids? Answer: Increase glucose
production and decrease glucose utilization
◉ What is the effect of catecholamines? Answer: Increase free fatty
acids and inhibit peripheral glucose uptake
◉ What is the definition of diabetes mellitus? Answer: Chronic
hyperglycemia
◉ What is the random glucose diagnostic value for diabetes
mellitus? Answer: ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms
◉ What is the fasting glucose diagnostic value for diabetes mellitus?
Answer: ≥126 mg/dL
