DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 AND DKA
UNFOLDING REASONING KEY CONCEPTS AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NOTES 2026
◉ Type 2 diabetes. Answer: -non insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus
-90%
-Older client
-Gradual onset
-Insulin resistance
-Beta cell dysfunction
-Obesity - making it increasingly diagnosed in adults
Acute complications:
-Hyperglycemia
-Hypoglycemia
-HHNK (Hyperosmotic hyperglycemic nonketotic state)
Etiology:
-No single gene identified
,-Polygenic / family HX / obesity
-Impaired insulin resistance on cell surface
◉ risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Answer: -Family History of
diabetes
-Age
-Obesity (20% above ideal weight)
-Physical inactivity
-Race / Ethnicity: BIPOC ("black indigenous, and other people of
color")
-History of Gestational Diabetes, Infant over 9 lbs.
-Hypertension
-Hyperlipidemia
◉ type 1 vs type 2 diabetes. Answer: Type 1
-Beta cell destruction leading to absolute insulin deficiency
-No insulin
-cannot be prevented or cured
-causes are unknown, but genetics may play a role
-requires insulin injections for life
Type 2
, -Insulin resistance
-Insulin secretory deficit
-Have some insulin but can't use it well...
-can be prevented through lifestyle modifications
-causes include genetics, aging, inactivity, obesity, and more
-requires insulin as needed, injected or oral
Both:
-can cause other serious health problems and complications
-requires a healthy lifestyle and medical supervision
-symptoms include thirst, frequent urination, and blurry vision
◉ diabetes mellitus and the three P's. Answer: -Polydipsia - thirst
-Polyuria - frequent urination
-Polyphagia - insatiable hunger
-result from hyperglycemia, causing osmotic diuresis, cellular
starvation, and compensatory thirst and hunger
◉ signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes vs type 2. Answer: Type 1:
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
UNFOLDING REASONING KEY CONCEPTS AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NOTES 2026
◉ Type 2 diabetes. Answer: -non insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus
-90%
-Older client
-Gradual onset
-Insulin resistance
-Beta cell dysfunction
-Obesity - making it increasingly diagnosed in adults
Acute complications:
-Hyperglycemia
-Hypoglycemia
-HHNK (Hyperosmotic hyperglycemic nonketotic state)
Etiology:
-No single gene identified
,-Polygenic / family HX / obesity
-Impaired insulin resistance on cell surface
◉ risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Answer: -Family History of
diabetes
-Age
-Obesity (20% above ideal weight)
-Physical inactivity
-Race / Ethnicity: BIPOC ("black indigenous, and other people of
color")
-History of Gestational Diabetes, Infant over 9 lbs.
-Hypertension
-Hyperlipidemia
◉ type 1 vs type 2 diabetes. Answer: Type 1
-Beta cell destruction leading to absolute insulin deficiency
-No insulin
-cannot be prevented or cured
-causes are unknown, but genetics may play a role
-requires insulin injections for life
Type 2
, -Insulin resistance
-Insulin secretory deficit
-Have some insulin but can't use it well...
-can be prevented through lifestyle modifications
-causes include genetics, aging, inactivity, obesity, and more
-requires insulin as needed, injected or oral
Both:
-can cause other serious health problems and complications
-requires a healthy lifestyle and medical supervision
-symptoms include thirst, frequent urination, and blurry vision
◉ diabetes mellitus and the three P's. Answer: -Polydipsia - thirst
-Polyuria - frequent urination
-Polyphagia - insatiable hunger
-result from hyperglycemia, causing osmotic diuresis, cellular
starvation, and compensatory thirst and hunger
◉ signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes vs type 2. Answer: Type 1:
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
