IVY TECH APHY 102 MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE WITH ACCURATE
ANSWERS 2026 COMPLETE REVIEW
PACKAGE
◉ What is a paracrine gland?
Answer: a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only
neighboring cells
◉ What is an autocrine gland?
Answer: A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
◉ What is an endocrine gland?
Answer: A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the
bloodstream and act on target cells
◉ What is an exocrine gland?
Answer: A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a body surface.
◉ Where is the thymus located?
Answer: mediastinum; behind the sternum
◉ Where is the pineal gland located?
Answer: center of brain
,◉ Where are the reproductive organs located?
Answer: abdomen; pelvic
◉ Where is the pituitary gland located?
Answer: sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of the brain
◉ Where are the adrenal glands located?
Answer: on top of each kidney
◉ Where is the pancreas located?
Answer: posterior to the stomach
◉ What are the two steroid hormones?
Answer: Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones; estrogen and
testosterone
◉ Describe steroid hormones
Answer: -diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
,◉ Describe non-steroid hormones.
Answer: Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine
gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone
to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of
its target cell, activating G protein. Cellular changes produce the
hormone's effects.
◉ How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior
pituitary gland?
Answer: The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing
and secreting hormones for the body and connects to the posterior
pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary remains
connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones
produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that
regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior
pituitary
◉ What regulates pituitary gland secretion?
Answer: Hypothalamus
◉ Describe tropic hormones
Answer: stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
◉ anterior pituitary hormones
Answer: ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of certain
hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
, FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells
in ovaries and stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells
from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
◉ posterior pituitary hormones
Answer: ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the
uterus during childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain
fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity
◉ Thyroid hormones
Answer: Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion
concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
◉ Parathyroid hormones
Answer: PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases
blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys,
and intestines
STUDY GUIDE WITH ACCURATE
ANSWERS 2026 COMPLETE REVIEW
PACKAGE
◉ What is a paracrine gland?
Answer: a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only
neighboring cells
◉ What is an autocrine gland?
Answer: A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
◉ What is an endocrine gland?
Answer: A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the
bloodstream and act on target cells
◉ What is an exocrine gland?
Answer: A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a body surface.
◉ Where is the thymus located?
Answer: mediastinum; behind the sternum
◉ Where is the pineal gland located?
Answer: center of brain
,◉ Where are the reproductive organs located?
Answer: abdomen; pelvic
◉ Where is the pituitary gland located?
Answer: sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of the brain
◉ Where are the adrenal glands located?
Answer: on top of each kidney
◉ Where is the pancreas located?
Answer: posterior to the stomach
◉ What are the two steroid hormones?
Answer: Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones; estrogen and
testosterone
◉ Describe steroid hormones
Answer: -diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
,◉ Describe non-steroid hormones.
Answer: Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine
gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone
to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of
its target cell, activating G protein. Cellular changes produce the
hormone's effects.
◉ How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior
pituitary gland?
Answer: The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing
and secreting hormones for the body and connects to the posterior
pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary remains
connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones
produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that
regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior
pituitary
◉ What regulates pituitary gland secretion?
Answer: Hypothalamus
◉ Describe tropic hormones
Answer: stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
◉ anterior pituitary hormones
Answer: ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of certain
hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
, FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells
in ovaries and stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells
from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
◉ posterior pituitary hormones
Answer: ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the
uterus during childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain
fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity
◉ Thyroid hormones
Answer: Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion
concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
◉ Parathyroid hormones
Answer: PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases
blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys,
and intestines
