ISYE 6644 OAN 2 SIMULATION
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ Iatrogenic.
Answer: One of the five kinds of etiology; negative effect of a treatment.
◍ Hydropic swelling.
Answer: A kind of reversible cell injury, from malfunction in Na/K pumps
letting water into the cells
◍ Fibrin.
Answer: A protein deposited in tissues during inflammation that contributes
to swelling and firmness.
◍ Obligate aerobes.
Answer: Bacteria that require oxygen (O₂) for growth.
◍ Alarm stage.
Answer: Body is trying to restore homeostasis, called the allostatic state
◍ Insidious disease.
Answer: Gets worse over time, is chronic
◍ Liquifactive necrosis.
Answer: Cells are broken down and form abscesses
◍ Resistance stage.
Answer: Nervous and endocrine systems are trying to restore homeostasis.
◍ Thermoregulatory set point.
Answer: The body temperature set by the hypothalamus that is altered
during fever.
,◍ Pathogenic.
Answer: One of the five kinds of etiology; includes viral and bacterial
causes.
◍ Irreversible Cell Injury.
Answer: Includes necrosis, gangrene, and apoptosis.
◍ Fibrosis/Scar Formation.
Answer: Occurs when severe damage or permanent cells are involved,
leading to scar tissue.
◍ Hyperemia.
Answer: Increased blood flow to the injured area resulting in visible redness
and warmth.
◍ Endemic.
Answer: A few cases in one area.
◍ Chronic phase.
Answer: The later stage of inflammation where macrophages act as the
clean-up crew.
◍ Efflux pumps.
Answer: Mechanisms that pump antibiotics out of the bacterial cell before
they can act.
◍ Exhaustion stage.
Answer: Body can't return to homeostasis, gives up
◍ Enzymatic degradation of drug.
Answer: The breakdown of antibiotics by enzymes such as β-lactamases.
◍ stress.
Answer: Throws off body's homeostasis
◍ Transduction.
Answer: The transfer of DNA between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses).
◍ Intracellular accumulation.
, Answer: A kind of reversible cell injury, extra amounts of anything in the
cell
◍ Catecholamines.
Answer: One of the neurohormonal modulators; fight/flight response, ex:
EPI and NE
◍ Type IV osteogenesis imperfecta manifestations.
Answer: Frequent fractures lead to bone deformities, fractures increase after
puberty
◍ Vasodilation.
Answer: The widening of blood vessels, leading to increased blood flow and
warmth at the site of inflammation.
◍ Secondary disease prevention.
Answer: Screening/pre-emptive testing
◍ Induration.
Answer: Firm swelling due to edema and cellular infiltration.
◍ Histamine.
Answer: A compound released from mast cells that causes vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability.
◍ Epidemiology.
Answer: Study of disease patterns in a population.
◍ Estrogen/testisterone.
Answer: One of the neurohormonal modulators; important in allostasis
◍ Type III osteogenesis imperfecta causes.
Answer: Body has less and misfolded collagen, rarely inherited from being
autosomal recessive, from a COLIA1/2 mutation
◍ Erythema.
Answer: Redness caused by vasodilation of arterioles and capillaries
mediated by histamine, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and bradykinin.
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ Iatrogenic.
Answer: One of the five kinds of etiology; negative effect of a treatment.
◍ Hydropic swelling.
Answer: A kind of reversible cell injury, from malfunction in Na/K pumps
letting water into the cells
◍ Fibrin.
Answer: A protein deposited in tissues during inflammation that contributes
to swelling and firmness.
◍ Obligate aerobes.
Answer: Bacteria that require oxygen (O₂) for growth.
◍ Alarm stage.
Answer: Body is trying to restore homeostasis, called the allostatic state
◍ Insidious disease.
Answer: Gets worse over time, is chronic
◍ Liquifactive necrosis.
Answer: Cells are broken down and form abscesses
◍ Resistance stage.
Answer: Nervous and endocrine systems are trying to restore homeostasis.
◍ Thermoregulatory set point.
Answer: The body temperature set by the hypothalamus that is altered
during fever.
,◍ Pathogenic.
Answer: One of the five kinds of etiology; includes viral and bacterial
causes.
◍ Irreversible Cell Injury.
Answer: Includes necrosis, gangrene, and apoptosis.
◍ Fibrosis/Scar Formation.
Answer: Occurs when severe damage or permanent cells are involved,
leading to scar tissue.
◍ Hyperemia.
Answer: Increased blood flow to the injured area resulting in visible redness
and warmth.
◍ Endemic.
Answer: A few cases in one area.
◍ Chronic phase.
Answer: The later stage of inflammation where macrophages act as the
clean-up crew.
◍ Efflux pumps.
Answer: Mechanisms that pump antibiotics out of the bacterial cell before
they can act.
◍ Exhaustion stage.
Answer: Body can't return to homeostasis, gives up
◍ Enzymatic degradation of drug.
Answer: The breakdown of antibiotics by enzymes such as β-lactamases.
◍ stress.
Answer: Throws off body's homeostasis
◍ Transduction.
Answer: The transfer of DNA between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses).
◍ Intracellular accumulation.
, Answer: A kind of reversible cell injury, extra amounts of anything in the
cell
◍ Catecholamines.
Answer: One of the neurohormonal modulators; fight/flight response, ex:
EPI and NE
◍ Type IV osteogenesis imperfecta manifestations.
Answer: Frequent fractures lead to bone deformities, fractures increase after
puberty
◍ Vasodilation.
Answer: The widening of blood vessels, leading to increased blood flow and
warmth at the site of inflammation.
◍ Secondary disease prevention.
Answer: Screening/pre-emptive testing
◍ Induration.
Answer: Firm swelling due to edema and cellular infiltration.
◍ Histamine.
Answer: A compound released from mast cells that causes vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability.
◍ Epidemiology.
Answer: Study of disease patterns in a population.
◍ Estrogen/testisterone.
Answer: One of the neurohormonal modulators; important in allostasis
◍ Type III osteogenesis imperfecta causes.
Answer: Body has less and misfolded collagen, rarely inherited from being
autosomal recessive, from a COLIA1/2 mutation
◍ Erythema.
Answer: Redness caused by vasodilation of arterioles and capillaries
mediated by histamine, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and bradykinin.
