BIOL133 EXAM PREP TEST BANK VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
●● Epigenetic changes
Answer: - DO NOT ALTER DNA SEQUENCE
- result in changes to chemical groups that associate with DNA
- changes can sometimes be passed to a new generation
●● Epigenetics example
Answer: - 2 groups of rats
- 1 group was "loved" other was neglected
- NR3C1 is gene that plays role in regulating stress
- Loved rats: blood pressure and stress hormones within normal -
NR3C1 activity strong
- Neglected rats: blood pressure and stress hormones high - NR3C1
activity silenced by additional methyl groups
●● Globin chain switching
Answer: - hemoglobin: carries oxygen, made up of 4 subunits
- subunits differ in embryo, fetus & adult (EZGAB))
●● Embryo
,Answer: epsilon & zeta
●● Fetus
Answer: alpha & gamma
●● Adult
Answer: alpha & beta
●● Blood plasma composition
Answer: - plasma contains many different types of proteins (~40,000)
- plasma protein profile changes when individual becomes sick
- blood tests look for levels of proteins that indicate disease
●● Proteomics
Answer: - study of function of all expressed proteins
- 1 gene - 1 protein does not work
- gene expression changes over time (developing fetus has different gene
expression than adult)
●● Human genome
Answer: ~20,000 genes
~100,000 mRNAS
, ~ 1 million proteins
●● Control of gene expression, how do we turn genes off and on?
Answer: - promoter regions - RNA polymerase and transcription factors
must bind promotor
●● Histones
Answer: - proteins around which DNA entwines
- expose DNA to allow transcription
●● Chromatin remodeling
Answer: - acetyl groups bind lysine
- methyl groups bind and turn off transcription
●● MicroRNAs
Answer: - microRNAs bind mRNAs and prevent translation
●● Maximizing genetic info
Answer: - only 1.5% base pairs code for proteins
- we have ~ 20,000 genes but 1 million different proteins
●● Alternate splicing
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
●● Epigenetic changes
Answer: - DO NOT ALTER DNA SEQUENCE
- result in changes to chemical groups that associate with DNA
- changes can sometimes be passed to a new generation
●● Epigenetics example
Answer: - 2 groups of rats
- 1 group was "loved" other was neglected
- NR3C1 is gene that plays role in regulating stress
- Loved rats: blood pressure and stress hormones within normal -
NR3C1 activity strong
- Neglected rats: blood pressure and stress hormones high - NR3C1
activity silenced by additional methyl groups
●● Globin chain switching
Answer: - hemoglobin: carries oxygen, made up of 4 subunits
- subunits differ in embryo, fetus & adult (EZGAB))
●● Embryo
,Answer: epsilon & zeta
●● Fetus
Answer: alpha & gamma
●● Adult
Answer: alpha & beta
●● Blood plasma composition
Answer: - plasma contains many different types of proteins (~40,000)
- plasma protein profile changes when individual becomes sick
- blood tests look for levels of proteins that indicate disease
●● Proteomics
Answer: - study of function of all expressed proteins
- 1 gene - 1 protein does not work
- gene expression changes over time (developing fetus has different gene
expression than adult)
●● Human genome
Answer: ~20,000 genes
~100,000 mRNAS
, ~ 1 million proteins
●● Control of gene expression, how do we turn genes off and on?
Answer: - promoter regions - RNA polymerase and transcription factors
must bind promotor
●● Histones
Answer: - proteins around which DNA entwines
- expose DNA to allow transcription
●● Chromatin remodeling
Answer: - acetyl groups bind lysine
- methyl groups bind and turn off transcription
●● MicroRNAs
Answer: - microRNAs bind mRNAs and prevent translation
●● Maximizing genetic info
Answer: - only 1.5% base pairs code for proteins
- we have ~ 20,000 genes but 1 million different proteins
●● Alternate splicing
