ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTMB
5355 ACTUAL TEST PAPER FULL SOLUTION
VIEW AHEAD
●● Proto-oncogenes
Answer: promote normal cell growth factor and division
●● If proto-oncogenes are mutated the become -
Answer: Oncogenes
●● Tumor Supressor Genes (TSGs) are
Answer: Antioncogenes
●● antioncogenes
Answer: inhibit tumor progression & prevent mutations
●● Cancer develops with increase in - and decrease in -
Answer: oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
●● What are the 2 main types of Tumor Suppressor Genes?
Answer: Gatekeepers & Caretakers
,●● tumor suppressor genes
Answer: encode proteins that inhibit growth, prevent and repair
mutations but if mutated will increase cancer risk
●● Gatekeeper
Answer: regulate cell proliferation, cell type specific, normally prevent
uncontrolled growth and potential progression of cancer
●● Caretaker
Answer: suppress gene mutations, repair DNA, if not functioning
correctly mutation can occur
●● How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?
Answer: Inflammation increases free radicals and reactive oxygen
species which promote mutation
●● interfere with insulin signaling leading to insulin resistance in stress,
obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes.
Answer: Pro-inflammatory cytokines
●● TP53 gene
Answer: tumor suppressor gene, if lost due to mutation cells escape
apoptosis and can divide indefinitely increasing risk of cancer
, ●● tumor necrosis factor is _ cytokine
Answer: pro-inflammatory, may be related to carcinogenesis
●● 4 functions of TNF
Answer: 1)cell survival
2)cell proliferation
3) cell differentiation
4)cell death
●● CA therapy in relation to TNF
Answer: Modulation of TNF/receptors
●● tumor markers
Answer: not used to diagnose, but can be useful in surveillance of
cancers or after cancer treatments, elevated in some cancers
●● tumor markers are produced by both
Answer: benign & malignant cells, increased levels seen in
cancerous/noncancerous tumors
●● tumor markers include
Answer: hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens and antibodies
5355 ACTUAL TEST PAPER FULL SOLUTION
VIEW AHEAD
●● Proto-oncogenes
Answer: promote normal cell growth factor and division
●● If proto-oncogenes are mutated the become -
Answer: Oncogenes
●● Tumor Supressor Genes (TSGs) are
Answer: Antioncogenes
●● antioncogenes
Answer: inhibit tumor progression & prevent mutations
●● Cancer develops with increase in - and decrease in -
Answer: oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
●● What are the 2 main types of Tumor Suppressor Genes?
Answer: Gatekeepers & Caretakers
,●● tumor suppressor genes
Answer: encode proteins that inhibit growth, prevent and repair
mutations but if mutated will increase cancer risk
●● Gatekeeper
Answer: regulate cell proliferation, cell type specific, normally prevent
uncontrolled growth and potential progression of cancer
●● Caretaker
Answer: suppress gene mutations, repair DNA, if not functioning
correctly mutation can occur
●● How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?
Answer: Inflammation increases free radicals and reactive oxygen
species which promote mutation
●● interfere with insulin signaling leading to insulin resistance in stress,
obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes.
Answer: Pro-inflammatory cytokines
●● TP53 gene
Answer: tumor suppressor gene, if lost due to mutation cells escape
apoptosis and can divide indefinitely increasing risk of cancer
, ●● tumor necrosis factor is _ cytokine
Answer: pro-inflammatory, may be related to carcinogenesis
●● 4 functions of TNF
Answer: 1)cell survival
2)cell proliferation
3) cell differentiation
4)cell death
●● CA therapy in relation to TNF
Answer: Modulation of TNF/receptors
●● tumor markers
Answer: not used to diagnose, but can be useful in surveillance of
cancers or after cancer treatments, elevated in some cancers
●● tumor markers are produced by both
Answer: benign & malignant cells, increased levels seen in
cancerous/noncancerous tumors
●● tumor markers include
Answer: hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens and antibodies
