EPHE 155 QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE
vitamins - Answers - organic compounds needed in the diet in small amounts to
promote and regulate the chemical reactions and processes needed for growth,
reproduction, and maintenance of health
vitamins are essential to life - Answers - vitamins are organic compounds essential in
the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health maintenance
water soluble vitamins - Answers - - B/C vitamins; they are needed in small, frequent
amounts; excess is excreted
- B vitamins were originally thought to be one chemical substance but are actually many
different substances-reason for B1, B12, etc.
-dissolve in water
fortification - Answers - - process of adding nutrients to food generally not found in the
food (i.e. adding calcium to orange juice)
- health Canada regulates which foods must be fortified and which nutrients should be
added (i.e. table salt w/ iodine, milk w/ vitamin D, or grains w/ thiamin, riboflavin, niacin,
iron, and folic acid)
-a term used generally to describe the process of adding nutrients to foods that are not
normally there i.e. vitamin D3 to milk
other vitamin stuff - Answers - - vitamin D can be synthesized by the skin (in the
summer in Canada when UV rays are strong enough to penetrate skin)
- not everyone needs to take a multivitamin mineral supplement since most of the
vitamins will not be absorbed
- disease resulting from thiamin deficiency: beriberi
- pregnant people should consume folic acid/folate to reduce neural tube defects
- vitamins only found in animal foods: B12
- cigarette smokers need more vitamin C since smoking causes free radicals and
vitamin C is an antioxidant
- frozen foods that have been properly stored can be a great source of vitamins
,water vs fat soluble vitamins - Answers - - vitamins that are fat soluble: DEAK; vitamins
that are water-soluble: B/C
-dissolve in fat
enrichment - Answers - - adding nutrients back to foods that have lost nutrients due to
processing (i.e. adding B vitamins to white rice)
-refers to foods that have nutrients added to restore those lost in processing to a level
equal to or higher than originally present
vitamin supplementation - Answers - - ~40% of Canadian adults use vitamin and
mineral supplements; ppl who may benefit from supplements include those on calorie
restricted diets; vegans/people who eliminate dairy foods; infants and children; young
women/ pregnant women should consume 400mcg/day of folic acid; older adults should
consume vitamin D and possibly vitamin B12; individuals with dark pigmentation or who
cover their bodies outdoors and Canadians from Oct-April to yearly depending on
latitude (vitamin D); individuals with restricted diets; people taking medications; cigarette
smokers and alcohol users
water soluble vitamin absorption - Answers - - vitamins must be absorbed by the body in
order to perform their functions; approximately 40-90% of vitamins are absorbed in the
small intestine; water-soluble vitamins may require transport molecules or specific
molecules in the GI tract; some vitamins are absorbed in inactive provitamin or vitamin
precursor forms that must be converted into active forms by the body
absorption of vitamins - Answers - - Fat-soluble vitamins need fat present in the meal for
absorption
- Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed via active transport, facilitated diffusion or require
binding to a specific protein
bioavailability of vitamins - Answers - bioavailability is the amount of a nutrient that can
be absorbed and utilized by the body
a general term that refers to how well a nutrient can be absorbed and used by the body
can vitamins act as coenzymes? - Answers - yes vitamins can act as coenzymes
coenzymes= small non protein organic molecules that act as carriers of electrons or
atoms in metabolic reactions and are necessary for the proper functioning of many
enzymes
vitamins and ATP production - Answers - vitamins help ATP production
, thiamin - Answers - - thiamin was the first B vitamin to be identified and is also called
B1; thiamin is widely available in foods, especially in enriched grains, whole grains,
legumes, nuts and seeds; thiamin assists in energy production (ATP production),
carbohydrate metabolism, the production of ribose and the health of the nervous system
best source: pork, then lentils, then trout, then enriched grains, then enriched orange
juice
riboflavin - Answers - - dairy products are a good source of riboflavin; plant sources of
riboflavin include mushrooms, broccoli, asparagus, whole grains and green, leafy
vegetables; animal sources include red meat, poultry and fish; riboflavin is easily
destroyed by heat and exposure to light; riboflavin is an important component in the
citric acid cycle and for assisting the body with the absorption of other vitamins; yellow
part of whey
- do not see a lot of deficiencies for thiamin/riboflavin since they are quite pervasive in
the diet
niacin - Answers - - niacin is added to enriched flours in North America; a niacin
deficiency disease is pellagra; niacin can be synthesized in the body from the essential
amino acid tryptophan if the diet is adequate in tryptophan; niacin plays an important
role in the production of energy and in general metabolism; two forms of niacin are
nicotinic acid and nicotinamide; quite available in protein foods
niacin deficiency - Answers - - symptoms of advanced pellagra include the 3 D's:
dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia • Niacin toxicity from overuse of niacin supplements
can result in elevated blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia, nausea, vomiting, elevated
blood sugar levels and impaired liver function
biotin - Answers - - Biotin in the diet- liver, egg yolks, yogurt, nuts • Avoid uncooked egg
whites. The protein, avidin, binds biotin making it unavailable. Biotin in the body •
Coenzyme involved in adding COOH group to other molecules (e.g., citric acid cycle,
glucose synthesis). Recommended biotin intake • AI = 30 micrograms/day
pantothenic acid - Answers - - Pantothenic acid in the diet • Abundant in meat, eggs,
whole grains, legumes, sunflower seeds
Pantothenic acid in the body • Part of coenzyme A (part of fatty acid metabolism in
body)• Part of the acyl carrier protein for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis
Recommended intake • AI = 5 mg/day • AI = 6 mg/day (pregnancy), 7 mg/day
(lactation); quite available in protein foods
B6 - Answers - - Vitamin B6 is also called pyridoxine and comprises a group of
compounds including pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. • All three forms can be
converted into pyridoxal phosphate, which is required for many enzyme reactions in the
body. • Vitamin B6 deficiency may result in anemia due to impaired hemoglobin
vitamins - Answers - organic compounds needed in the diet in small amounts to
promote and regulate the chemical reactions and processes needed for growth,
reproduction, and maintenance of health
vitamins are essential to life - Answers - vitamins are organic compounds essential in
the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health maintenance
water soluble vitamins - Answers - - B/C vitamins; they are needed in small, frequent
amounts; excess is excreted
- B vitamins were originally thought to be one chemical substance but are actually many
different substances-reason for B1, B12, etc.
-dissolve in water
fortification - Answers - - process of adding nutrients to food generally not found in the
food (i.e. adding calcium to orange juice)
- health Canada regulates which foods must be fortified and which nutrients should be
added (i.e. table salt w/ iodine, milk w/ vitamin D, or grains w/ thiamin, riboflavin, niacin,
iron, and folic acid)
-a term used generally to describe the process of adding nutrients to foods that are not
normally there i.e. vitamin D3 to milk
other vitamin stuff - Answers - - vitamin D can be synthesized by the skin (in the
summer in Canada when UV rays are strong enough to penetrate skin)
- not everyone needs to take a multivitamin mineral supplement since most of the
vitamins will not be absorbed
- disease resulting from thiamin deficiency: beriberi
- pregnant people should consume folic acid/folate to reduce neural tube defects
- vitamins only found in animal foods: B12
- cigarette smokers need more vitamin C since smoking causes free radicals and
vitamin C is an antioxidant
- frozen foods that have been properly stored can be a great source of vitamins
,water vs fat soluble vitamins - Answers - - vitamins that are fat soluble: DEAK; vitamins
that are water-soluble: B/C
-dissolve in fat
enrichment - Answers - - adding nutrients back to foods that have lost nutrients due to
processing (i.e. adding B vitamins to white rice)
-refers to foods that have nutrients added to restore those lost in processing to a level
equal to or higher than originally present
vitamin supplementation - Answers - - ~40% of Canadian adults use vitamin and
mineral supplements; ppl who may benefit from supplements include those on calorie
restricted diets; vegans/people who eliminate dairy foods; infants and children; young
women/ pregnant women should consume 400mcg/day of folic acid; older adults should
consume vitamin D and possibly vitamin B12; individuals with dark pigmentation or who
cover their bodies outdoors and Canadians from Oct-April to yearly depending on
latitude (vitamin D); individuals with restricted diets; people taking medications; cigarette
smokers and alcohol users
water soluble vitamin absorption - Answers - - vitamins must be absorbed by the body in
order to perform their functions; approximately 40-90% of vitamins are absorbed in the
small intestine; water-soluble vitamins may require transport molecules or specific
molecules in the GI tract; some vitamins are absorbed in inactive provitamin or vitamin
precursor forms that must be converted into active forms by the body
absorption of vitamins - Answers - - Fat-soluble vitamins need fat present in the meal for
absorption
- Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed via active transport, facilitated diffusion or require
binding to a specific protein
bioavailability of vitamins - Answers - bioavailability is the amount of a nutrient that can
be absorbed and utilized by the body
a general term that refers to how well a nutrient can be absorbed and used by the body
can vitamins act as coenzymes? - Answers - yes vitamins can act as coenzymes
coenzymes= small non protein organic molecules that act as carriers of electrons or
atoms in metabolic reactions and are necessary for the proper functioning of many
enzymes
vitamins and ATP production - Answers - vitamins help ATP production
, thiamin - Answers - - thiamin was the first B vitamin to be identified and is also called
B1; thiamin is widely available in foods, especially in enriched grains, whole grains,
legumes, nuts and seeds; thiamin assists in energy production (ATP production),
carbohydrate metabolism, the production of ribose and the health of the nervous system
best source: pork, then lentils, then trout, then enriched grains, then enriched orange
juice
riboflavin - Answers - - dairy products are a good source of riboflavin; plant sources of
riboflavin include mushrooms, broccoli, asparagus, whole grains and green, leafy
vegetables; animal sources include red meat, poultry and fish; riboflavin is easily
destroyed by heat and exposure to light; riboflavin is an important component in the
citric acid cycle and for assisting the body with the absorption of other vitamins; yellow
part of whey
- do not see a lot of deficiencies for thiamin/riboflavin since they are quite pervasive in
the diet
niacin - Answers - - niacin is added to enriched flours in North America; a niacin
deficiency disease is pellagra; niacin can be synthesized in the body from the essential
amino acid tryptophan if the diet is adequate in tryptophan; niacin plays an important
role in the production of energy and in general metabolism; two forms of niacin are
nicotinic acid and nicotinamide; quite available in protein foods
niacin deficiency - Answers - - symptoms of advanced pellagra include the 3 D's:
dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia • Niacin toxicity from overuse of niacin supplements
can result in elevated blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia, nausea, vomiting, elevated
blood sugar levels and impaired liver function
biotin - Answers - - Biotin in the diet- liver, egg yolks, yogurt, nuts • Avoid uncooked egg
whites. The protein, avidin, binds biotin making it unavailable. Biotin in the body •
Coenzyme involved in adding COOH group to other molecules (e.g., citric acid cycle,
glucose synthesis). Recommended biotin intake • AI = 30 micrograms/day
pantothenic acid - Answers - - Pantothenic acid in the diet • Abundant in meat, eggs,
whole grains, legumes, sunflower seeds
Pantothenic acid in the body • Part of coenzyme A (part of fatty acid metabolism in
body)• Part of the acyl carrier protein for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis
Recommended intake • AI = 5 mg/day • AI = 6 mg/day (pregnancy), 7 mg/day
(lactation); quite available in protein foods
B6 - Answers - - Vitamin B6 is also called pyridoxine and comprises a group of
compounds including pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. • All three forms can be
converted into pyridoxal phosphate, which is required for many enzyme reactions in the
body. • Vitamin B6 deficiency may result in anemia due to impaired hemoglobin
