CDN EXAM 2026 - COMPLETE TEST
BANK WITH 200 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS
& VERIFIED ANSWERS
SECTION 1: HEMODIALYSIS PRINCIPLES (Questions 1-30)
Question 1
A hemodialysis patient exposed to dialysate contaminated with microbes is likely to
develop which of the following problems?
A) Hemolysis
B) Pyrogenic reaction
C) Air embolism
D) Hyperkalemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Microbial contamination of dialysate or water used to prepare dialysate can
cause pyrogenic reactions characterized by fever, chills, and hypotension. This occurs due
to endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria. Hemolysis is caused by chemical
contaminants, air embolism by air in the circuit, and hyperkalemia by improper dialysate
potassium concentration .
Question 2
What is the normal range for dialysate conductivity?
,A) 10.0-12.0 mS/cm
B) 12.5-14.5 mS/cm
C) 13.5-14.5 mS/cm
D) 15.0-17.0 mS/cm
Answer: C
Rationale: Normal dialysate conductivity range is 13.5-14.5 mS/cm. Conductivity
measures the electrolyte concentration in dialysate. Deviations outside this range can
cause serious complications including cardiac arrhythmias .
Question 3
Which of the following is the most common cause of hypotension during hemodialysis?
A) Anaphylaxis
B) Excessive ultrafiltration
C) Cardiac arrhythmia
D) Dialyzer membrane reaction
Answer: B
Rationale: Excessive ultrafiltration removes fluid faster than plasma refill from the
interstitial space, leading to reduced blood volume and hypotension. This is the most
common cause of intradialytic hypotension .
Question 4
What is the primary function of the dialyzer?
,A) Remove excess fluid
B) Filter waste products and excess fluids
C) Add medications
D) Monitor blood pressure
Answer: B
Rationale: The dialyzer (artificial kidney) removes waste products (urea, creatinine) and
excess fluids through diffusion and ultrafiltration. While fluid removal is part of its
function, the primary purpose is waste removal .
Question 5
What is the normal blood flow rate for hemodialysis?
A) 100-200 mL/min
B) 200-300 mL/min
C) 300-500 mL/min
D) 500-700 mL/min
Answer: C
Rationale: Normal blood flow rates for hemodialysis are 300-500 mL/min. This rate
provides adequate clearance while maintaining patient hemodynamic stability. Rates
below 250 mL/min may result in inadequate dialysis .
Question 6
The dialysate flow rate is typically set at:
, A) 200-300 mL/min
B) 300-500 mL/min
C) 500-800 mL/min
D) 800-1000 mL/min
Answer: C
Rationale: Dialysate flow rate is typically 500-800 mL/min. The ratio of dialysate flow to
blood flow is typically 2:1 to maintain adequate concentration gradient for diffusion .
Question 7
Which of the following dialyzer membrane types is considered most biocompatible?
A) Cuprophane
B) Cellulose acetate
C) Polysulfone
D) Hemophan
Answer: C
Rationale: Polysulfone is a synthetic membrane considered highly biocompatible with
minimal complement activation. Cuprophane and cellulose acetate are less biocompatible
and cause more complement activation. Hemophan is a modified cellulose with
intermediate biocompatibility .
Question 8
What is the purpose of heparin during hemodialysis?
BANK WITH 200 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS
& VERIFIED ANSWERS
SECTION 1: HEMODIALYSIS PRINCIPLES (Questions 1-30)
Question 1
A hemodialysis patient exposed to dialysate contaminated with microbes is likely to
develop which of the following problems?
A) Hemolysis
B) Pyrogenic reaction
C) Air embolism
D) Hyperkalemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Microbial contamination of dialysate or water used to prepare dialysate can
cause pyrogenic reactions characterized by fever, chills, and hypotension. This occurs due
to endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria. Hemolysis is caused by chemical
contaminants, air embolism by air in the circuit, and hyperkalemia by improper dialysate
potassium concentration .
Question 2
What is the normal range for dialysate conductivity?
,A) 10.0-12.0 mS/cm
B) 12.5-14.5 mS/cm
C) 13.5-14.5 mS/cm
D) 15.0-17.0 mS/cm
Answer: C
Rationale: Normal dialysate conductivity range is 13.5-14.5 mS/cm. Conductivity
measures the electrolyte concentration in dialysate. Deviations outside this range can
cause serious complications including cardiac arrhythmias .
Question 3
Which of the following is the most common cause of hypotension during hemodialysis?
A) Anaphylaxis
B) Excessive ultrafiltration
C) Cardiac arrhythmia
D) Dialyzer membrane reaction
Answer: B
Rationale: Excessive ultrafiltration removes fluid faster than plasma refill from the
interstitial space, leading to reduced blood volume and hypotension. This is the most
common cause of intradialytic hypotension .
Question 4
What is the primary function of the dialyzer?
,A) Remove excess fluid
B) Filter waste products and excess fluids
C) Add medications
D) Monitor blood pressure
Answer: B
Rationale: The dialyzer (artificial kidney) removes waste products (urea, creatinine) and
excess fluids through diffusion and ultrafiltration. While fluid removal is part of its
function, the primary purpose is waste removal .
Question 5
What is the normal blood flow rate for hemodialysis?
A) 100-200 mL/min
B) 200-300 mL/min
C) 300-500 mL/min
D) 500-700 mL/min
Answer: C
Rationale: Normal blood flow rates for hemodialysis are 300-500 mL/min. This rate
provides adequate clearance while maintaining patient hemodynamic stability. Rates
below 250 mL/min may result in inadequate dialysis .
Question 6
The dialysate flow rate is typically set at:
, A) 200-300 mL/min
B) 300-500 mL/min
C) 500-800 mL/min
D) 800-1000 mL/min
Answer: C
Rationale: Dialysate flow rate is typically 500-800 mL/min. The ratio of dialysate flow to
blood flow is typically 2:1 to maintain adequate concentration gradient for diffusion .
Question 7
Which of the following dialyzer membrane types is considered most biocompatible?
A) Cuprophane
B) Cellulose acetate
C) Polysulfone
D) Hemophan
Answer: C
Rationale: Polysulfone is a synthetic membrane considered highly biocompatible with
minimal complement activation. Cuprophane and cellulose acetate are less biocompatible
and cause more complement activation. Hemophan is a modified cellulose with
intermediate biocompatibility .
Question 8
What is the purpose of heparin during hemodialysis?
