HSC 4551 Summer 26 Final Exam Questions with 100%
Verified Answers Latest Update
Question: Nephron
Answer:
The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.
Question: Loop of Henle
Answer:
A U-shaped part of the nephron that concentrates urine and reabsorbs water and salts.
Question: Glomerulus
Answer:
A network of capillaries in the nephron where blood filtration begins.
Question: Renal pelvis
Answer:
The funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine from the calyces and channels
it to the ureter.
Question: Afferent arteriole
Answer:
The blood vessel that carries blood to the glomerulus.
Question: Ureters
Answer:
The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Question: Urethra
Answer:
The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Question: What is secreted by the adrenal glands?
Answer:
The adrenal glands secrete hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline.
Question: What is secreted by the kidneys?
, Answer:
The kidneys secrete hormones like erythropoietin and renin, as well as waste products in
urine.
Question: What does aldosterone do?
Answer:
Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the blood and helps control blood
pressure.
Question: Symptoms of acidosis
Answer:
Symptoms may include fatigue, confusion, shortness of breath, and headache.
Question: Symptoms of chronic kidney disease
Answer:
Symptoms can include fatigue, swollen ankles, high blood pressure, and changes in
urination.
Question: What does a diabetic's pee look like?
Answer:
A diabetic's urine may appear more diluted and could have a sweet smell due to excess
glucose.
Question: What does the presence of albumin indicate?
Answer:
The presence of albumin in urine may indicate kidney damage or disease.
Question: Ammonia on the breath could indicate what?
Answer:
Ammonia on the breath may indicate liver disease or uremia.
Question: Why are UTIs more prevalent in women than in men?
Answer:
UTIs are more common in women due to a shorter urethra and its proximity to the anus.
Question: How does one prevent kidney stones?
Answer:
,Prevent kidney stones by staying hydrated, reducing salt intake, and eating a balanced diet.
Question: Signs of renal cell carcinoma
Answer:
Signs may include blood in urine, persistent back pain, and unexplained weight loss.
Question: Renin
Answer:
An enzyme secreted by the kidneys that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
Question: Uremia
Answer:
A condition involving elevated levels of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure.
Question: Casts
Answer:
Casts are cylindrical structures formed in the renal tubules that can indicate kidney disease.
Question: Kidney stones
Answer:
Hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys.
Question: Cystoscope
Answer:
A medical instrument used to examine the bladder and urethra.
Question: Oliguria
Answer:
Oliguria is a condition characterized by low urine output, which can indicate kidney
dysfunction.
Question: Pyelonephritis
Answer:
A type of urinary tract infection that affects the kidneys.
Question: Pyuria
Answer:
, The presence of pus in urine, often indicating infection.
Question: Lupus Nephritis
Answer:
A kidney inflammation caused by systemic lupus erythematosus.
Question: IgA nephropathy
Answer:
A kidney disorder caused by the deposition of IgA antibodies in the glomeruli.
Question: GFR
Answer:
Glomerular Filtration Rate, a test to measure kidney function.
Question: Nephrotic syndrome
Answer:
A kidney disorder characterized by high protein levels in urine, low protein levels in blood,
and swelling.
Question: Chronic glomerulonephritis
Answer:
A long-term inflammation of the glomeruli that can lead to kidney failure.
Question: Wilm's tumor
Answer:
A type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children.
Question: Medullary sponge kidney
Answer:
A congenital disorder characterized by cystic dilatation of the collecting tubules in the
kidney.
Question: Atherosclerosis
Answer:
A condition characterized by the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on
the artery walls.
Question: Hydronephrosis
Verified Answers Latest Update
Question: Nephron
Answer:
The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.
Question: Loop of Henle
Answer:
A U-shaped part of the nephron that concentrates urine and reabsorbs water and salts.
Question: Glomerulus
Answer:
A network of capillaries in the nephron where blood filtration begins.
Question: Renal pelvis
Answer:
The funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine from the calyces and channels
it to the ureter.
Question: Afferent arteriole
Answer:
The blood vessel that carries blood to the glomerulus.
Question: Ureters
Answer:
The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Question: Urethra
Answer:
The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Question: What is secreted by the adrenal glands?
Answer:
The adrenal glands secrete hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline.
Question: What is secreted by the kidneys?
, Answer:
The kidneys secrete hormones like erythropoietin and renin, as well as waste products in
urine.
Question: What does aldosterone do?
Answer:
Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the blood and helps control blood
pressure.
Question: Symptoms of acidosis
Answer:
Symptoms may include fatigue, confusion, shortness of breath, and headache.
Question: Symptoms of chronic kidney disease
Answer:
Symptoms can include fatigue, swollen ankles, high blood pressure, and changes in
urination.
Question: What does a diabetic's pee look like?
Answer:
A diabetic's urine may appear more diluted and could have a sweet smell due to excess
glucose.
Question: What does the presence of albumin indicate?
Answer:
The presence of albumin in urine may indicate kidney damage or disease.
Question: Ammonia on the breath could indicate what?
Answer:
Ammonia on the breath may indicate liver disease or uremia.
Question: Why are UTIs more prevalent in women than in men?
Answer:
UTIs are more common in women due to a shorter urethra and its proximity to the anus.
Question: How does one prevent kidney stones?
Answer:
,Prevent kidney stones by staying hydrated, reducing salt intake, and eating a balanced diet.
Question: Signs of renal cell carcinoma
Answer:
Signs may include blood in urine, persistent back pain, and unexplained weight loss.
Question: Renin
Answer:
An enzyme secreted by the kidneys that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
Question: Uremia
Answer:
A condition involving elevated levels of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure.
Question: Casts
Answer:
Casts are cylindrical structures formed in the renal tubules that can indicate kidney disease.
Question: Kidney stones
Answer:
Hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys.
Question: Cystoscope
Answer:
A medical instrument used to examine the bladder and urethra.
Question: Oliguria
Answer:
Oliguria is a condition characterized by low urine output, which can indicate kidney
dysfunction.
Question: Pyelonephritis
Answer:
A type of urinary tract infection that affects the kidneys.
Question: Pyuria
Answer:
, The presence of pus in urine, often indicating infection.
Question: Lupus Nephritis
Answer:
A kidney inflammation caused by systemic lupus erythematosus.
Question: IgA nephropathy
Answer:
A kidney disorder caused by the deposition of IgA antibodies in the glomeruli.
Question: GFR
Answer:
Glomerular Filtration Rate, a test to measure kidney function.
Question: Nephrotic syndrome
Answer:
A kidney disorder characterized by high protein levels in urine, low protein levels in blood,
and swelling.
Question: Chronic glomerulonephritis
Answer:
A long-term inflammation of the glomeruli that can lead to kidney failure.
Question: Wilm's tumor
Answer:
A type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children.
Question: Medullary sponge kidney
Answer:
A congenital disorder characterized by cystic dilatation of the collecting tubules in the
kidney.
Question: Atherosclerosis
Answer:
A condition characterized by the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on
the artery walls.
Question: Hydronephrosis
