TNCC 9TH EDITION STUDY GUIDE 2026
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE SOLVED
QUESTION SET
◉ Will hypocapnia cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation, especially in
the cerebral vasculature? Answer: Vasoconstriction
◉ What results from tissue hypo perfusion and oxygen deficit? Answer:
Metabolic acidosis
◉ What type of shock results in generalized vasodilation? Answer:
Neurogenic shock
◉ Spinal cord injuries at C3-C5 causes loss of what nerves function,
resulting in what? Answer: Phrenic nerve; paralyzed diaphragm and
inability to breath
◉ Extremity elevation AT the level of the heart is beneficial for what
type of injury? Answer: Compartment Syndrome
◉ What is a high risk of frostbite? Answer: Thrombus formation
,◉ What two medications can be administered to maintain perfusion after
a frostbite injury along with rewarming? Answer: Tissue plasminogen
activator or non steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAIDS)
◉ An rise in diastolic blood pressures is a sign of increasing what?
Answer: Peripheral resistance
◉ What position will benefit the airway and work of breathing for the
bariatric patient? Answer: Reverse Trendelenburg
◉ Which phase of a blast results from flying debris, projectiles, and
bomb fragments causing lacerations or penetrating injuries? Answer:
Secondary Phase
◉ What phase of a blast results from any explosion-related illness or
injury including hyperglycemia, hypertension, angina, asthma, COPD,
or sepsis? Answer: Quaternary Phase
◉ What phase of a blast results from individuals being thrown by the
blast and impacting walls, ground, or any hard object? Answer: Tertiary
Phase
◉ What phase of a blast results from impact of the over and under
pressurization wave with body surfaces. Injuries include blast lung,
,tympanic membrane rupture, abdominal hemorrhage, globe rupture, and
mild traumatic brain injury? Answer: Primary Phase
◉ Signs of what include muscle pain or weakness, dark red or brown
urine, general weakness or malaise, and elevated creatinine kinase
levels? Answer: Rhabdomyolosis
◉ Signs of what include anxiety, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea,
hypoxemia, hemoptysis, cough, orthopnea, adventitious lung sounds,
decreased lung sounds, jugular vein distention, or hypotension? Answer:
Pulmonary Embolus
◉ Signs of what include headache, nausea and vomiting, amnesia,
behavioral changes, altered level of consciousness? Answer: Increased
intracranial pressure
◉ Signs of what include asymmetric pupillary reactivity, unilateral
dilation, widening pulse pressure, abnormal motor posturing,
bradycardia, and decreased respiratory effort? Answer: Late signs of
increased ICP with Herniation Syndrome
◉ What is caused by the tear of the bridging veins or middle meningeal
artery? Answer: Subdural and Epidural Hematoma
, ◉ Affect concentration, memory, sleep, mode, and libido. Causes
headaches, dizziness and nausea. Answer: Postconcussive Syndrome/
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
◉ Signs and symptoms similar to early signs of increased ICP but do not
worsen. Answer: Postconcussive Syndrome/ Mild Traumatic Brain
Injury
◉ Cerebral Perfusion Pressure = ______-______ Answer: MAP - ICP
◉ What is the range for CO2 to maximize perfusion? Answer: 35-45
◉ Does hypoventilation cause dilation or constriction? Increase or
decrease ICP? Answer: Dilation and increase in ICP due to high CO2
◉ Hyperventilation cause dilation or constriction? Answer: Constriction
d/t low CO2
◉ Pupils with pressure on cranial nerve Answer: Fixed and dilated
◉ Pupils with opiates vs stimulants Answer: small; large
◉ Pupils with anticholinergics such as atropine, ipratropium, and
scopolamine Answer: large
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE SOLVED
QUESTION SET
◉ Will hypocapnia cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation, especially in
the cerebral vasculature? Answer: Vasoconstriction
◉ What results from tissue hypo perfusion and oxygen deficit? Answer:
Metabolic acidosis
◉ What type of shock results in generalized vasodilation? Answer:
Neurogenic shock
◉ Spinal cord injuries at C3-C5 causes loss of what nerves function,
resulting in what? Answer: Phrenic nerve; paralyzed diaphragm and
inability to breath
◉ Extremity elevation AT the level of the heart is beneficial for what
type of injury? Answer: Compartment Syndrome
◉ What is a high risk of frostbite? Answer: Thrombus formation
,◉ What two medications can be administered to maintain perfusion after
a frostbite injury along with rewarming? Answer: Tissue plasminogen
activator or non steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAIDS)
◉ An rise in diastolic blood pressures is a sign of increasing what?
Answer: Peripheral resistance
◉ What position will benefit the airway and work of breathing for the
bariatric patient? Answer: Reverse Trendelenburg
◉ Which phase of a blast results from flying debris, projectiles, and
bomb fragments causing lacerations or penetrating injuries? Answer:
Secondary Phase
◉ What phase of a blast results from any explosion-related illness or
injury including hyperglycemia, hypertension, angina, asthma, COPD,
or sepsis? Answer: Quaternary Phase
◉ What phase of a blast results from individuals being thrown by the
blast and impacting walls, ground, or any hard object? Answer: Tertiary
Phase
◉ What phase of a blast results from impact of the over and under
pressurization wave with body surfaces. Injuries include blast lung,
,tympanic membrane rupture, abdominal hemorrhage, globe rupture, and
mild traumatic brain injury? Answer: Primary Phase
◉ Signs of what include muscle pain or weakness, dark red or brown
urine, general weakness or malaise, and elevated creatinine kinase
levels? Answer: Rhabdomyolosis
◉ Signs of what include anxiety, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea,
hypoxemia, hemoptysis, cough, orthopnea, adventitious lung sounds,
decreased lung sounds, jugular vein distention, or hypotension? Answer:
Pulmonary Embolus
◉ Signs of what include headache, nausea and vomiting, amnesia,
behavioral changes, altered level of consciousness? Answer: Increased
intracranial pressure
◉ Signs of what include asymmetric pupillary reactivity, unilateral
dilation, widening pulse pressure, abnormal motor posturing,
bradycardia, and decreased respiratory effort? Answer: Late signs of
increased ICP with Herniation Syndrome
◉ What is caused by the tear of the bridging veins or middle meningeal
artery? Answer: Subdural and Epidural Hematoma
, ◉ Affect concentration, memory, sleep, mode, and libido. Causes
headaches, dizziness and nausea. Answer: Postconcussive Syndrome/
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
◉ Signs and symptoms similar to early signs of increased ICP but do not
worsen. Answer: Postconcussive Syndrome/ Mild Traumatic Brain
Injury
◉ Cerebral Perfusion Pressure = ______-______ Answer: MAP - ICP
◉ What is the range for CO2 to maximize perfusion? Answer: 35-45
◉ Does hypoventilation cause dilation or constriction? Increase or
decrease ICP? Answer: Dilation and increase in ICP due to high CO2
◉ Hyperventilation cause dilation or constriction? Answer: Constriction
d/t low CO2
◉ Pupils with pressure on cranial nerve Answer: Fixed and dilated
◉ Pupils with opiates vs stimulants Answer: small; large
◉ Pupils with anticholinergics such as atropine, ipratropium, and
scopolamine Answer: large
