Galen College NU 110 Exam 1 (pdf) | 2026/2027 | Integrated Human
Sciences Q&A | Human Sciences
1. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the nursing
process?
A) To ensure all patients receive identical care regardless of individual needs
B) To provide a systematic, problem-solving framework for delivering
individualized nursing care
C) To prioritize medical tasks over nursing interventions
D) To document patient outcomes after discharge
Correct Answer: To provide a systematic, problem-solving framework for
delivering individualized nursing care
Rationale: The nursing process (ADPIE) is a critical thinking method that
guides assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. It
ensures care is tailored to each patient's unique needs, not a one-size-fits-all
approach, and forms the foundation of clinical decision-making.
2. A solution with a pH of 7 is best described as:
A) Strongly acidic
B) Strongly basic
C) Neutral
D) Slightly acidic
Correct Answer: Neutral
Rationale: A pH of 7 is considered neutral on the pH scale, which ranges from
0 to 14. Values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are basic (alkaline).
Pure water has a pH of 7, representing a balance between hydrogen ions (H⁺)
and hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
,3. Which cellular organelle is most associated with protein synthesis?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosome
D) Lysosome
Correct Answer: Ribosome
Rationale: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis within the cell. They
translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains. The Golgi
apparatus modifies and packages proteins, mitochondria produce ATP, and
lysosomes are involved in digestion and waste removal.
4. What is the name of the process in which an intracellular
protein-containing vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and expels the
protein to the outside of the cell?
A) Endocytosis
B) Phagocytosis
C) Exocytosis
D) Pinocytosis
Correct Answer: Exocytosis
Rationale: Exocytosis is the process by which a vesicle inside the cell fuses
with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular space.
This is how cells secrete proteins, hormones, and neurotransmitters.
Endocytosis is the opposite process of bringing materials into the cell.
,5. A passive process that uses a pressure difference as its driving force is
known as:
A) Diffusion
B) Osmosis
C) Filtration
D) Active transport
Correct Answer: Filtration
Rationale: Filtration is a passive transport process that uses hydrostatic
pressure to move water and solutes across a membrane. It does not require
cellular energy (ATP). Diffusion moves substances down a concentration
gradient, osmosis is the movement of water, and active transport requires
energy.
6. Oxygen moves from the lungs (high concentration) into the blood (low
concentration) in response to which transport mechanism?
A) Active transport
B) Filtration
C) Osmosis
D) Diffusion
Correct Answer: Diffusion
Rationale: Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration. Oxygen moves from the
alveoli (high O₂ concentration) into the pulmonary capillaries (low O₂
concentration) by simple diffusion, which does not require energy.
7. Removal of H⁺ ions from the blood would cause which effect on blood pH?
, A) Decrease blood pH (more acidic)
B) Increase blood pH (more alkaline)
C) No change in blood pH
D) Cause blood pH to become neutral
Correct Answer: Increase blood pH (more alkaline)
Rationale: Hydrogen ions (H⁺) determine the acidity of a solution. Removing
H⁺ from the blood reduces acidity and increases pH, making the blood more
alkaline (basic). The body maintains blood pH within a narrow range through
buffer systems and respiratory and renal compensation.
8. Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?
A) Frontal plane
B) Transverse plane
C) Sagittal plane
D) Coronal plane
Correct Answer: Sagittal plane
Rationale: The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions. The
midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left halves. The
frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions,
and the transverse plane divides it into superior and inferior portions.
9. The lungs are located in which body cavity?
A) Dorsal cavity
B) Abdominopelvic cavity
C) Ventral cavity
Sciences Q&A | Human Sciences
1. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the nursing
process?
A) To ensure all patients receive identical care regardless of individual needs
B) To provide a systematic, problem-solving framework for delivering
individualized nursing care
C) To prioritize medical tasks over nursing interventions
D) To document patient outcomes after discharge
Correct Answer: To provide a systematic, problem-solving framework for
delivering individualized nursing care
Rationale: The nursing process (ADPIE) is a critical thinking method that
guides assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. It
ensures care is tailored to each patient's unique needs, not a one-size-fits-all
approach, and forms the foundation of clinical decision-making.
2. A solution with a pH of 7 is best described as:
A) Strongly acidic
B) Strongly basic
C) Neutral
D) Slightly acidic
Correct Answer: Neutral
Rationale: A pH of 7 is considered neutral on the pH scale, which ranges from
0 to 14. Values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are basic (alkaline).
Pure water has a pH of 7, representing a balance between hydrogen ions (H⁺)
and hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
,3. Which cellular organelle is most associated with protein synthesis?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosome
D) Lysosome
Correct Answer: Ribosome
Rationale: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis within the cell. They
translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains. The Golgi
apparatus modifies and packages proteins, mitochondria produce ATP, and
lysosomes are involved in digestion and waste removal.
4. What is the name of the process in which an intracellular
protein-containing vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and expels the
protein to the outside of the cell?
A) Endocytosis
B) Phagocytosis
C) Exocytosis
D) Pinocytosis
Correct Answer: Exocytosis
Rationale: Exocytosis is the process by which a vesicle inside the cell fuses
with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular space.
This is how cells secrete proteins, hormones, and neurotransmitters.
Endocytosis is the opposite process of bringing materials into the cell.
,5. A passive process that uses a pressure difference as its driving force is
known as:
A) Diffusion
B) Osmosis
C) Filtration
D) Active transport
Correct Answer: Filtration
Rationale: Filtration is a passive transport process that uses hydrostatic
pressure to move water and solutes across a membrane. It does not require
cellular energy (ATP). Diffusion moves substances down a concentration
gradient, osmosis is the movement of water, and active transport requires
energy.
6. Oxygen moves from the lungs (high concentration) into the blood (low
concentration) in response to which transport mechanism?
A) Active transport
B) Filtration
C) Osmosis
D) Diffusion
Correct Answer: Diffusion
Rationale: Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration. Oxygen moves from the
alveoli (high O₂ concentration) into the pulmonary capillaries (low O₂
concentration) by simple diffusion, which does not require energy.
7. Removal of H⁺ ions from the blood would cause which effect on blood pH?
, A) Decrease blood pH (more acidic)
B) Increase blood pH (more alkaline)
C) No change in blood pH
D) Cause blood pH to become neutral
Correct Answer: Increase blood pH (more alkaline)
Rationale: Hydrogen ions (H⁺) determine the acidity of a solution. Removing
H⁺ from the blood reduces acidity and increases pH, making the blood more
alkaline (basic). The body maintains blood pH within a narrow range through
buffer systems and respiratory and renal compensation.
8. Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?
A) Frontal plane
B) Transverse plane
C) Sagittal plane
D) Coronal plane
Correct Answer: Sagittal plane
Rationale: The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions. The
midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left halves. The
frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions,
and the transverse plane divides it into superior and inferior portions.
9. The lungs are located in which body cavity?
A) Dorsal cavity
B) Abdominopelvic cavity
C) Ventral cavity
