BIO 1201 GREGG FINAL PAPER UPDATED
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
●● cell junctions
Answer: Animal and plant cells; directly connect the cytoplasm of
adjacent cells
●● paracrine signaling
Answer: the target cells lie near the secreting cells
●● synaptic signaling
Answer: a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse,
stimulating the target cell
●● endocrine (hormonal) signaling
Answer: Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids,
often blood. Hormones reach virtually all body cells, but are bound only
by some cells.
●● cell-cell recognition
Answer: two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction
between molecules protruding from their surfaces
,●● three stages of cell signaling
Answer: reception, transduction, response
●● reception
Answer: The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from
outside the cell.
●● transduction
Answer: the binding of the signaling molecule alters the receptor and
initiates a signal transduction pathway; occurs in a series of steps
●● response
Answer: the transduced signal triggers a specific response in the target
cell
●● signal transduction pathway
Answer: A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a
specific cellular response
●● ligand
Answer: Signal molecule that binds to the receptor
,●● three main types of membrane receptors
Answer: -G protein-coupled receptors
-Receptor tyrosine kinases
-Ion channel receptors
●● G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Answer: cell-surface transmembrane receptors that work with the help of
a G protein
●● Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)
Answer: membrane receptors that transfer phosphate groups from ATP
to another protein
●● ligand-gated ion
Answer: acts as a gate that opens and closes when the receptor changes
shape
●● intracellular receptors
Answer: receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell
membrane
●● phosphorylation
Answer: the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
, ●● dephosphorylation
Answer: removal of a phosphate group from a molecule
●● second messengers
Answer: Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send
messages throughout the cells by diffusion.
●● common second messengers
Answer: cyclic AMP and calcium ions
●● cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Answer: A compound formed from ATP that acts as a second messenger;
one of the most commonly used
●● adenylyl cyclase
Answer: an enzyme in the plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in
response to an extracellular signal
●● phosphorylation cascade
Answer: a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates
another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of
thousands of proteins
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
●● cell junctions
Answer: Animal and plant cells; directly connect the cytoplasm of
adjacent cells
●● paracrine signaling
Answer: the target cells lie near the secreting cells
●● synaptic signaling
Answer: a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse,
stimulating the target cell
●● endocrine (hormonal) signaling
Answer: Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids,
often blood. Hormones reach virtually all body cells, but are bound only
by some cells.
●● cell-cell recognition
Answer: two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction
between molecules protruding from their surfaces
,●● three stages of cell signaling
Answer: reception, transduction, response
●● reception
Answer: The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from
outside the cell.
●● transduction
Answer: the binding of the signaling molecule alters the receptor and
initiates a signal transduction pathway; occurs in a series of steps
●● response
Answer: the transduced signal triggers a specific response in the target
cell
●● signal transduction pathway
Answer: A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a
specific cellular response
●● ligand
Answer: Signal molecule that binds to the receptor
,●● three main types of membrane receptors
Answer: -G protein-coupled receptors
-Receptor tyrosine kinases
-Ion channel receptors
●● G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Answer: cell-surface transmembrane receptors that work with the help of
a G protein
●● Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)
Answer: membrane receptors that transfer phosphate groups from ATP
to another protein
●● ligand-gated ion
Answer: acts as a gate that opens and closes when the receptor changes
shape
●● intracellular receptors
Answer: receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell
membrane
●● phosphorylation
Answer: the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
, ●● dephosphorylation
Answer: removal of a phosphate group from a molecule
●● second messengers
Answer: Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send
messages throughout the cells by diffusion.
●● common second messengers
Answer: cyclic AMP and calcium ions
●● cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Answer: A compound formed from ATP that acts as a second messenger;
one of the most commonly used
●● adenylyl cyclase
Answer: an enzyme in the plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in
response to an extracellular signal
●● phosphorylation cascade
Answer: a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates
another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of
thousands of proteins
