ESSENTIALS IN NUTRITION (BIOD 121) FINAL
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE AND HUMAN
NUTRITION REVIEW 2026
◉ Digestive enzymes specifically break down food substances.
Examples include:
________ for carbohydrate
________ for protein, and
________ for Lipids/Fat.
Answer: - amylase
- protease
- lipase
◉ Chemicals produced by cells (typically in an endocrine gland), and
are secreted, then affect the behavior of cells at distal sites in the
body.
Answer: hormones
◉ Examples of hormones in digestion include:
_________ and __________.
Answer: cholecystokinin, secretin.
,◉ a muscular wave action that occurs throughout the intestinal
tract. It is controlled by the central nervous system and facilitates
excretion by propelling food stuff through the body.
Answer: Peristalsis
◉ what are the 3 accessory organs
Answer: 1- Liver
2- Gallbladder
3- Pancreas
◉ - Makes enzymes for the chemical digestion of carbs, proteins, and
fats
- Makes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Answer: pancreas
◉ • _______ - Makes bile
• _______ - Stores bile
Answer: - liver
- gallbladder
◉ Nutrients like water & lipid byproducts pass freely across
membranes via a concentration gradient.
Answer: Passive (Simple) Diffusion (Transport)
,◉ Nutrients like water soluble vitamins diffuse across membranes
using a specific/selective transport proteins
Answer: Facilitated Diffusion (Transport)
◉ Nutrients like glucose & amino acids move across membranes
against a concentration gradient using a specific/selective transport
protein & energy/ATP.
Answer: Active Transport
◉ Transportation of Nutrients
• _________: water soluble nutrients
• _________: fat soluble nutrients
Answer: - Blood vessels
- Lymphatic vessels
◉ Breaking down (things get smaller). Involve hydrolysis reactions.
Are degrading or destructive in nature.
Answer: Catabolic reactions
◉ Building up (things get bigger). Involve condensation reactions.
Are synthesizing or constructive in nature.
Answer: Anabolic reactions
, ◉ The balance of catabolic and anabolic reactions in a person so a
relatively stable internal environment or equilibrium is achieved.
Answer: Homeostasis
◉ Sites of Absorption
• ________ & ________: many nutrients
• ________: only selected nutrients
• ________: water
Answer: - Duodenum, Jejunum
- Ileum
- Colon (large Intestine)
◉ • protein strand is broken & amino acids are released.
• Occurs by protease enzymes secreted by the pancreas & GI
mucosal cells.
• Amino acids are absorbed, transported to cells and then used to
build proteins
Answer: Protein Digestion
◉ • Causes protein to change shape or conformation.
• The protein and the amino acids are still intact.
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE AND HUMAN
NUTRITION REVIEW 2026
◉ Digestive enzymes specifically break down food substances.
Examples include:
________ for carbohydrate
________ for protein, and
________ for Lipids/Fat.
Answer: - amylase
- protease
- lipase
◉ Chemicals produced by cells (typically in an endocrine gland), and
are secreted, then affect the behavior of cells at distal sites in the
body.
Answer: hormones
◉ Examples of hormones in digestion include:
_________ and __________.
Answer: cholecystokinin, secretin.
,◉ a muscular wave action that occurs throughout the intestinal
tract. It is controlled by the central nervous system and facilitates
excretion by propelling food stuff through the body.
Answer: Peristalsis
◉ what are the 3 accessory organs
Answer: 1- Liver
2- Gallbladder
3- Pancreas
◉ - Makes enzymes for the chemical digestion of carbs, proteins, and
fats
- Makes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Answer: pancreas
◉ • _______ - Makes bile
• _______ - Stores bile
Answer: - liver
- gallbladder
◉ Nutrients like water & lipid byproducts pass freely across
membranes via a concentration gradient.
Answer: Passive (Simple) Diffusion (Transport)
,◉ Nutrients like water soluble vitamins diffuse across membranes
using a specific/selective transport proteins
Answer: Facilitated Diffusion (Transport)
◉ Nutrients like glucose & amino acids move across membranes
against a concentration gradient using a specific/selective transport
protein & energy/ATP.
Answer: Active Transport
◉ Transportation of Nutrients
• _________: water soluble nutrients
• _________: fat soluble nutrients
Answer: - Blood vessels
- Lymphatic vessels
◉ Breaking down (things get smaller). Involve hydrolysis reactions.
Are degrading or destructive in nature.
Answer: Catabolic reactions
◉ Building up (things get bigger). Involve condensation reactions.
Are synthesizing or constructive in nature.
Answer: Anabolic reactions
, ◉ The balance of catabolic and anabolic reactions in a person so a
relatively stable internal environment or equilibrium is achieved.
Answer: Homeostasis
◉ Sites of Absorption
• ________ & ________: many nutrients
• ________: only selected nutrients
• ________: water
Answer: - Duodenum, Jejunum
- Ileum
- Colon (large Intestine)
◉ • protein strand is broken & amino acids are released.
• Occurs by protease enzymes secreted by the pancreas & GI
mucosal cells.
• Amino acids are absorbed, transported to cells and then used to
build proteins
Answer: Protein Digestion
◉ • Causes protein to change shape or conformation.
• The protein and the amino acids are still intact.
