Nightingale College BSN 205 Exam 1 (pdf) | 2026/2027 | Foundations
Q&A | Nursing
1. Which nursing pioneer is best known for her environmental theory, which
focused on cleanliness, fresh air, and light?
A) Clara Barton
B) Dorothea Dix
C) Florence Nightingale
D) Lillian Wald
Correct Answer: Florence Nightingale
Rationale: Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory emphasized that the
environment of the patient should be altered to allow nature to act on the
patient. She focused on cleanliness, fresh air, light, and proper nutrition as
essential components of healing. Clara Barton founded the American Red
Cross, Dorothea Dix advocated for mental health reform, and Lillian Wald
established public health nursing.
2. What is the correct order of the five steps in the nursing process?
A) Assessment, Planning, Diagnosis, Implementation, Evaluation
B) Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
C) Diagnosis, Assessment, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
D) Assessment, Implementation, Planning, Diagnosis, Evaluation
Correct Answer: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation,
Evaluation
Rationale: The nursing process follows a specific sequence: Assessment
(gather data), Diagnosis (identify problems), Planning (set goals and
interventions), Implementation (perform interventions), and Evaluation
,(determine if goals were met). This systematic approach ensures
comprehensive, patient-centered care.
3. When a nurse respects a patient's right to make their own decisions about
their healthcare, which ethical principle is being applied?
A) Beneficence
B) Justice
C) Nonmaleficence
D) Autonomy
Correct Answer: Autonomy
Rationale: Autonomy refers to the right of patients to make decisions about
their own medical care without their healthcare provider trying to influence
the decision. Beneficence is the duty to do good, nonmaleficence is the duty
to do no harm, and justice is the fair distribution of healthcare resources.
4. Which stage of the nursing process involves the nurse setting measurable
and achievable short-term and long-term goals?
A) Planning
B) Assessment
C) Implementation
D) Evaluation
Correct Answer: Planning
Rationale: The planning phase involves setting priorities, identifying patient-
centered goals and expected outcomes, and prescribing nursing
interventions. Assessment is data collection, implementation is carrying out
interventions, and evaluation is determining if goals were met.
,5. A nurse is collecting subjective data during a patient assessment. Which of
the following is an example of subjective data?
A) The patient's blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg
B) The patient's surgical incision is red and swollen
C) The patient has a temperature of 101.2°F
D) The patient reports feeling nauseated
Correct Answer: The patient reports feeling nauseated
Rationale: Subjective data are information from the client's point of view,
including feelings, perceptions, and concerns that cannot be objectively
measured. Blood pressure, incision appearance, and temperature are
objective data that can be observed and measured.
6. Which of the following is considered objective data collected by the nurse?
A) Patient stating they have a "pounding" headache
B) Patient expressing worry about their upcoming surgery
C) Patient reporting they slept poorly last night
D) Observation of a patient grimacing when moving
Correct Answer: Observation of a patient grimacing when moving
Rationale: Objective data are observable and measurable signs obtained
through observation, physical examination, and diagnostic testing. The nurse
directly observes the grimace. Headache, worry, and sleep quality are
subjective data reported by the patient.
, 7. Which of the following is the single most effective practice to prevent the
transmission of microorganisms and healthcare-associated infections?
A) Wearing a mask for all patient contact
B) Performing meticulous hand hygiene
C) Administering prophylactic antibiotics
D) Keeping the patient in a private room
Correct Answer: Performing meticulous hand hygiene
Rationale: Hand hygiene is the single most important and effective practice
to prevent the transmission of microorganisms and healthcare-associated
infections. While other measures like masks and private rooms are
important, hand hygiene is the foundational practice.
8. A patient is on a clear liquid diet. Which of the following items is allowed?
A) Vanilla pudding
B) Orange juice with pulp
C) Cream of mushroom soup
D) Apple juice
Correct Answer: Apple juice
Rationale: Clear liquid diets include liquids that are transparent and liquid at
room temperature, such as water, broth, and clear juices like apple or grape
juice. Pudding, orange juice with pulp, and cream soup are not clear liquids.
9. Which of the following is a symptom of orthostatic hypotension?
A) Dizziness or lightheadedness when changing positions
B) Increased energy upon standing
Q&A | Nursing
1. Which nursing pioneer is best known for her environmental theory, which
focused on cleanliness, fresh air, and light?
A) Clara Barton
B) Dorothea Dix
C) Florence Nightingale
D) Lillian Wald
Correct Answer: Florence Nightingale
Rationale: Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory emphasized that the
environment of the patient should be altered to allow nature to act on the
patient. She focused on cleanliness, fresh air, light, and proper nutrition as
essential components of healing. Clara Barton founded the American Red
Cross, Dorothea Dix advocated for mental health reform, and Lillian Wald
established public health nursing.
2. What is the correct order of the five steps in the nursing process?
A) Assessment, Planning, Diagnosis, Implementation, Evaluation
B) Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
C) Diagnosis, Assessment, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
D) Assessment, Implementation, Planning, Diagnosis, Evaluation
Correct Answer: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation,
Evaluation
Rationale: The nursing process follows a specific sequence: Assessment
(gather data), Diagnosis (identify problems), Planning (set goals and
interventions), Implementation (perform interventions), and Evaluation
,(determine if goals were met). This systematic approach ensures
comprehensive, patient-centered care.
3. When a nurse respects a patient's right to make their own decisions about
their healthcare, which ethical principle is being applied?
A) Beneficence
B) Justice
C) Nonmaleficence
D) Autonomy
Correct Answer: Autonomy
Rationale: Autonomy refers to the right of patients to make decisions about
their own medical care without their healthcare provider trying to influence
the decision. Beneficence is the duty to do good, nonmaleficence is the duty
to do no harm, and justice is the fair distribution of healthcare resources.
4. Which stage of the nursing process involves the nurse setting measurable
and achievable short-term and long-term goals?
A) Planning
B) Assessment
C) Implementation
D) Evaluation
Correct Answer: Planning
Rationale: The planning phase involves setting priorities, identifying patient-
centered goals and expected outcomes, and prescribing nursing
interventions. Assessment is data collection, implementation is carrying out
interventions, and evaluation is determining if goals were met.
,5. A nurse is collecting subjective data during a patient assessment. Which of
the following is an example of subjective data?
A) The patient's blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg
B) The patient's surgical incision is red and swollen
C) The patient has a temperature of 101.2°F
D) The patient reports feeling nauseated
Correct Answer: The patient reports feeling nauseated
Rationale: Subjective data are information from the client's point of view,
including feelings, perceptions, and concerns that cannot be objectively
measured. Blood pressure, incision appearance, and temperature are
objective data that can be observed and measured.
6. Which of the following is considered objective data collected by the nurse?
A) Patient stating they have a "pounding" headache
B) Patient expressing worry about their upcoming surgery
C) Patient reporting they slept poorly last night
D) Observation of a patient grimacing when moving
Correct Answer: Observation of a patient grimacing when moving
Rationale: Objective data are observable and measurable signs obtained
through observation, physical examination, and diagnostic testing. The nurse
directly observes the grimace. Headache, worry, and sleep quality are
subjective data reported by the patient.
, 7. Which of the following is the single most effective practice to prevent the
transmission of microorganisms and healthcare-associated infections?
A) Wearing a mask for all patient contact
B) Performing meticulous hand hygiene
C) Administering prophylactic antibiotics
D) Keeping the patient in a private room
Correct Answer: Performing meticulous hand hygiene
Rationale: Hand hygiene is the single most important and effective practice
to prevent the transmission of microorganisms and healthcare-associated
infections. While other measures like masks and private rooms are
important, hand hygiene is the foundational practice.
8. A patient is on a clear liquid diet. Which of the following items is allowed?
A) Vanilla pudding
B) Orange juice with pulp
C) Cream of mushroom soup
D) Apple juice
Correct Answer: Apple juice
Rationale: Clear liquid diets include liquids that are transparent and liquid at
room temperature, such as water, broth, and clear juices like apple or grape
juice. Pudding, orange juice with pulp, and cream soup are not clear liquids.
9. Which of the following is a symptom of orthostatic hypotension?
A) Dizziness or lightheadedness when changing positions
B) Increased energy upon standing
