HSC 4551 Summer 26 Exam UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Nephron - CORRECT ANSWER The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering
blood and forming urine.
Loop of Henle - CORRECT ANSWER A U-shaped part of the nephron that concentrates urine
and reabsorbs water and salts.
Glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWER A network of capillaries in the nephron where blood
filtration begins.
Renal pelvis - CORRECT ANSWER The funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects
urine from the calyces and channels it to the ureter.
Afferent arteriole - CORRECT ANSWER The blood vessel that carries blood to the
glomerulus.
Ureters - CORRECT ANSWER The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Urethra - CORRECT ANSWER The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of
the body.
What is secreted by the adrenal glands? - CORRECT ANSWER The adrenal glands secrete
hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline.
What is secreted by the kidneys? - CORRECT ANSWER The kidneys secrete hormones like
erythropoietin and renin, as well as waste products in urine.
What does aldosterone do? - CORRECT ANSWER Aldosterone regulates sodium and
potassium levels in the blood and helps control blood pressure.
,Symptoms of acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER Symptoms may include fatigue, confusion,
shortness of breath, and headache.
Symptoms of chronic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWER Symptoms can include fatigue,
swollen ankles, high blood pressure, and changes in urination.
What does a diabetic's pee look like? - CORRECT ANSWER A diabetic's urine may appear
more diluted and could have a sweet smell due to excess glucose.
What does the presence of albumin indicate? - CORRECT ANSWER The presence of albumin
in urine may indicate kidney damage or disease.
Ammonia on the breath could indicate what? - CORRECT ANSWER Ammonia on the breath
may indicate liver disease or uremia.
Why are UTIs more prevalent in women than in men? - CORRECT ANSWER UTIs are more
common in women due to a shorter urethra and its proximity to the anus.
How does one prevent kidney stones? - CORRECT ANSWER Prevent kidney stones by
staying hydrated, reducing salt intake, and eating a balanced diet.
Signs of renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER Signs may include blood in urine,
persistent back pain, and unexplained weight loss.
Renin - CORRECT ANSWER An enzyme secreted by the kidneys that regulates blood
pressure and fluid balance.
Uremia - CORRECT ANSWER A condition involving elevated levels of waste products in the
blood due to kidney failure.
Casts - CORRECT ANSWER Casts are cylindrical structures formed in the renal tubules that
can indicate kidney disease.
,Kidney stones - CORRECT ANSWER Hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form
inside the kidneys.
Cystoscope - CORRECT ANSWER A medical instrument used to examine the bladder and
urethra.
Oliguria - CORRECT ANSWER Oliguria is a condition characterized by low urine output,
which can indicate kidney dysfunction.
Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER A type of urinary tract infection that affects the
kidneys.
Pyuria - CORRECT ANSWER The presence of pus in urine, often indicating infection.
Lupus Nephritis - CORRECT ANSWER A kidney inflammation caused by systemic lupus
erythematosus.
IgA nephropathy - CORRECT ANSWER A kidney disorder caused by the deposition of IgA
antibodies in the glomeruli.
GFR - CORRECT ANSWER Glomerular Filtration Rate, a test to measure kidney function.
Nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER A kidney disorder characterized by high protein
levels in urine, low protein levels in blood, and swelling.
Chronic glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER A long-term inflammation of the
glomeruli that can lead to kidney failure.
Wilm's tumor - CORRECT ANSWER A type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children.
Medullary sponge kidney - CORRECT ANSWER A congenital disorder characterized by
cystic dilatation of the collecting tubules in the kidney.
, Atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER A condition characterized by the buildup of fats,
cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls.
Hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWER Swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine, often
caused by an obstruction.
Functions of the pancreas - CORRECT ANSWER The pancreas produces digestive enzymes
and hormones, including insulin and glucagon.
How are hormone levels measured? - CORRECT ANSWER Hormone levels are typically
measured through blood tests, urine tests, or saliva tests.
Signs and symptoms of diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER Common signs include increased
thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, and blurred vision.
How does a glucose tolerance test work? - CORRECT ANSWER A glucose tolerance test
measures the body's response to sugar by testing blood sugar levels after fasting and after consuming
a glucose solution.
Decrease in T3:T4 can cause __________ - CORRECT ANSWER A decrease in T3:T4 can
cause hypothyroidism.
What are the tropic hormones? - CORRECT ANSWER Tropic hormones include ACTH, TSH,
LH, FSH, GH, and prolactin.
What is the relationship between glucagon and insulin? - CORRECT ANSWER Glucagon
raises blood sugar levels, while insulin lowers them, working together to maintain glucose
homeostasis.
Prolactin - CORRECT ANSWER A hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary
glands.
Thyroid gland - CORRECT ANSWER An endocrine gland that produces hormones regulating
metabolism, growth, and development.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Nephron - CORRECT ANSWER The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering
blood and forming urine.
Loop of Henle - CORRECT ANSWER A U-shaped part of the nephron that concentrates urine
and reabsorbs water and salts.
Glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWER A network of capillaries in the nephron where blood
filtration begins.
Renal pelvis - CORRECT ANSWER The funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects
urine from the calyces and channels it to the ureter.
Afferent arteriole - CORRECT ANSWER The blood vessel that carries blood to the
glomerulus.
Ureters - CORRECT ANSWER The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Urethra - CORRECT ANSWER The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of
the body.
What is secreted by the adrenal glands? - CORRECT ANSWER The adrenal glands secrete
hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline.
What is secreted by the kidneys? - CORRECT ANSWER The kidneys secrete hormones like
erythropoietin and renin, as well as waste products in urine.
What does aldosterone do? - CORRECT ANSWER Aldosterone regulates sodium and
potassium levels in the blood and helps control blood pressure.
,Symptoms of acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER Symptoms may include fatigue, confusion,
shortness of breath, and headache.
Symptoms of chronic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWER Symptoms can include fatigue,
swollen ankles, high blood pressure, and changes in urination.
What does a diabetic's pee look like? - CORRECT ANSWER A diabetic's urine may appear
more diluted and could have a sweet smell due to excess glucose.
What does the presence of albumin indicate? - CORRECT ANSWER The presence of albumin
in urine may indicate kidney damage or disease.
Ammonia on the breath could indicate what? - CORRECT ANSWER Ammonia on the breath
may indicate liver disease or uremia.
Why are UTIs more prevalent in women than in men? - CORRECT ANSWER UTIs are more
common in women due to a shorter urethra and its proximity to the anus.
How does one prevent kidney stones? - CORRECT ANSWER Prevent kidney stones by
staying hydrated, reducing salt intake, and eating a balanced diet.
Signs of renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER Signs may include blood in urine,
persistent back pain, and unexplained weight loss.
Renin - CORRECT ANSWER An enzyme secreted by the kidneys that regulates blood
pressure and fluid balance.
Uremia - CORRECT ANSWER A condition involving elevated levels of waste products in the
blood due to kidney failure.
Casts - CORRECT ANSWER Casts are cylindrical structures formed in the renal tubules that
can indicate kidney disease.
,Kidney stones - CORRECT ANSWER Hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form
inside the kidneys.
Cystoscope - CORRECT ANSWER A medical instrument used to examine the bladder and
urethra.
Oliguria - CORRECT ANSWER Oliguria is a condition characterized by low urine output,
which can indicate kidney dysfunction.
Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER A type of urinary tract infection that affects the
kidneys.
Pyuria - CORRECT ANSWER The presence of pus in urine, often indicating infection.
Lupus Nephritis - CORRECT ANSWER A kidney inflammation caused by systemic lupus
erythematosus.
IgA nephropathy - CORRECT ANSWER A kidney disorder caused by the deposition of IgA
antibodies in the glomeruli.
GFR - CORRECT ANSWER Glomerular Filtration Rate, a test to measure kidney function.
Nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER A kidney disorder characterized by high protein
levels in urine, low protein levels in blood, and swelling.
Chronic glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER A long-term inflammation of the
glomeruli that can lead to kidney failure.
Wilm's tumor - CORRECT ANSWER A type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children.
Medullary sponge kidney - CORRECT ANSWER A congenital disorder characterized by
cystic dilatation of the collecting tubules in the kidney.
, Atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER A condition characterized by the buildup of fats,
cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls.
Hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWER Swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine, often
caused by an obstruction.
Functions of the pancreas - CORRECT ANSWER The pancreas produces digestive enzymes
and hormones, including insulin and glucagon.
How are hormone levels measured? - CORRECT ANSWER Hormone levels are typically
measured through blood tests, urine tests, or saliva tests.
Signs and symptoms of diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER Common signs include increased
thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, and blurred vision.
How does a glucose tolerance test work? - CORRECT ANSWER A glucose tolerance test
measures the body's response to sugar by testing blood sugar levels after fasting and after consuming
a glucose solution.
Decrease in T3:T4 can cause __________ - CORRECT ANSWER A decrease in T3:T4 can
cause hypothyroidism.
What are the tropic hormones? - CORRECT ANSWER Tropic hormones include ACTH, TSH,
LH, FSH, GH, and prolactin.
What is the relationship between glucagon and insulin? - CORRECT ANSWER Glucagon
raises blood sugar levels, while insulin lowers them, working together to maintain glucose
homeostasis.
Prolactin - CORRECT ANSWER A hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary
glands.
Thyroid gland - CORRECT ANSWER An endocrine gland that produces hormones regulating
metabolism, growth, and development.
