IVY TECH APHY 101 Final Exam SCRIPT 2026/2027
WITH EXPERT-VERIFIED ANSWERS RATED A+
• What is the epiphysis? -✓✓ end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint)
with another bone.
• What is the diaphysis? -✓✓ shaft of a long bone
• What is the medullary cavity? -✓✓ hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills
this cavity
• What is the periosteum? -✓✓ a dense layer of vascular connective tissue
enclosing a bone
• what is compact bone? -✓✓ wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly
packed tissue
• what is spongy bone? -✓✓ cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis
• Describe the process of ossification -✓✓ step one 1: cordlike and connects
muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to
muscles
step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and
some from tendons.
step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long
bones.
,step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
• What is the epiphyseal plate? -✓✓ as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis
and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
• what are osteoclasts? -✓✓ cells that break down bone
• what are osteoblasts? -✓✓ bone forming cells
• what are the functions of the skeletal system? -✓✓ support, protection,
movement, storage, blood cell formation
• What is the axial skeleton? -✓✓ skull, vertebral column, rib cage
• What is the appendicular skeleton? -✓✓ pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic
girdle, lower limbs
• what are the steps of fracture repair? -✓✓ 1. Hematoma formation- blood vessels,
tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will
become irritated.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin
cleaning up the debris.
,3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This
is called a bony callus. This continues for about 3 months.
4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
• how are bones classified? -✓✓ by shape
• what are the shapes of bones? -✓✓ long, short, flat, irregular
• example of long bone -✓✓ femur
• example of short bones are -✓✓ carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
• examples of flat bones -✓✓ ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
• examples of irregular bones -✓✓ facial bones, vertebrae
• What is articular cartilage? -✓✓ hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the
bones
• What is a joint capsule? -✓✓ tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and
encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
• what is a ligament? -✓✓ Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
, • What is the synovial membrane? -✓✓ inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all
of the surface within the joint capsule.
• What is synovial fluid? -✓✓ Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the
bones at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris
from the joint cavity.
• what is the menisci? -✓✓ cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute
body weight onto these surfaces
• what is the bursae? -✓✓ fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce
friction
• what are the six different types of synovial joints? -✓✓ 1. Ball-and-socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
• define flexion -✓✓ bending a joint
• define extension -✓✓ Straightening a body part
• define hyper extension -✓✓ increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the
bones of a joint (a back bend)
WITH EXPERT-VERIFIED ANSWERS RATED A+
• What is the epiphysis? -✓✓ end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint)
with another bone.
• What is the diaphysis? -✓✓ shaft of a long bone
• What is the medullary cavity? -✓✓ hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills
this cavity
• What is the periosteum? -✓✓ a dense layer of vascular connective tissue
enclosing a bone
• what is compact bone? -✓✓ wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly
packed tissue
• what is spongy bone? -✓✓ cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis
• Describe the process of ossification -✓✓ step one 1: cordlike and connects
muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to
muscles
step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and
some from tendons.
step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long
bones.
,step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
• What is the epiphyseal plate? -✓✓ as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis
and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
• what are osteoclasts? -✓✓ cells that break down bone
• what are osteoblasts? -✓✓ bone forming cells
• what are the functions of the skeletal system? -✓✓ support, protection,
movement, storage, blood cell formation
• What is the axial skeleton? -✓✓ skull, vertebral column, rib cage
• What is the appendicular skeleton? -✓✓ pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic
girdle, lower limbs
• what are the steps of fracture repair? -✓✓ 1. Hematoma formation- blood vessels,
tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will
become irritated.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin
cleaning up the debris.
,3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This
is called a bony callus. This continues for about 3 months.
4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
• how are bones classified? -✓✓ by shape
• what are the shapes of bones? -✓✓ long, short, flat, irregular
• example of long bone -✓✓ femur
• example of short bones are -✓✓ carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
• examples of flat bones -✓✓ ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
• examples of irregular bones -✓✓ facial bones, vertebrae
• What is articular cartilage? -✓✓ hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the
bones
• What is a joint capsule? -✓✓ tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and
encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
• what is a ligament? -✓✓ Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
, • What is the synovial membrane? -✓✓ inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all
of the surface within the joint capsule.
• What is synovial fluid? -✓✓ Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the
bones at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris
from the joint cavity.
• what is the menisci? -✓✓ cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute
body weight onto these surfaces
• what is the bursae? -✓✓ fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce
friction
• what are the six different types of synovial joints? -✓✓ 1. Ball-and-socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
• define flexion -✓✓ bending a joint
• define extension -✓✓ Straightening a body part
• define hyper extension -✓✓ increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the
bones of a joint (a back bend)
