FINAL EXAMINATION PAPER ff ff
WGU D094
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STUDENT NAME: ________________________________ ff ff DATE: _____________ ff
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam ff ff ff ff TIME: _____________ ff
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101 ff ff ff
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS: ff
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
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2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
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3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
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4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
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Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for these emot
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ions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
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[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, and guilt:
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standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
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Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied the amoun
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t of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they succeeded at these t
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asks? When they failed?ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure: showed
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shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
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Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
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[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core self as ba
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d, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, action as ba
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d (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outward toward reparation -
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Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
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Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
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prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
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[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as soon as chil
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d plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze from adult, seldom conf
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ess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
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,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the climbing
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monkey?
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[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens cabinet a
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nd papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
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Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbing monk
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ey?
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on floor and g
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oes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E shows that toy makes hi
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m happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy - More helping from guilt-
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prone than shame-prone children
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Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
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prone toddlers did in these situations?
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[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping from guil
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t-prone than shame-prone children ff ff ff
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
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[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad child" Publi
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cly humiliate the child
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Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
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[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad thing" He
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lp child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the damage Communicat
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e love and respect while disciplining the child
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Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
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[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partners can s
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witch roles ff
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
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[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other person ca
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n grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
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, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
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olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transformed as
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children develop a moral sense? ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed - ff ffff ff ff ff
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others fairly Nee
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d to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
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Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together to win a
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prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
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related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
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[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy with one blo
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ck 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
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Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
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[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 yr olds will
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intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
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Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
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[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
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Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
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Intentional socialization and instruction -
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After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
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taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
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Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
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[Verified Solution]: - ff ffff
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
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Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or repriman
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d can also work) -
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Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing how it affe
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cts other peopleff ff
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
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[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
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WGU D094
ff ff
STUDENT NAME: ________________________________ ff ff DATE: _____________ ff
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam ff ff ff ff TIME: _____________ ff
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101 ff ff ff
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS: ff
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for these emot
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
ions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
ff ff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, and guilt:
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied the amoun
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
t of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they succeeded at these t
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
asks? When they failed?ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure: showed
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core self as ba
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
d, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, action as ba
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
d (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outward toward reparation -
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as soon as chil
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
d plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze from adult, seldom conf
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
ess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the climbing
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff f
monkey?
f
[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens cabinet a
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
nd papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbing monk
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
ey?
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on floor and g
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
oes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E shows that toy makes hi
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
m happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy - More helping from guilt-
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
prone than shame-prone children
ff ff ff
Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
prone toddlers did in these situations?
ff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping from guil
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
t-prone than shame-prone children ff ff ff
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
ffff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad child" Publi
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
cly humiliate the child
ff ff ff
Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
ffff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad thing" He
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
lp child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the damage Communicat
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
e love and respect while disciplining the child
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
ffff ff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partners can s
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
witch roles ff
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other person ca
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
n grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
ffff ff ff ff
olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transformed as
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
children develop a moral sense? ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed - ff ffff ff ff ff
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others fairly Nee
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
d to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together to win a
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy with one blo
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
ck 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 yr olds will
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Intentional socialization and instruction -
ff ff ff ff ff
After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: - ff ffff
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or repriman
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
d can also work) -
ff ff ff ff
Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing how it affe
ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
cts other peopleff ff
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
ff ffff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
