BSNC EVALUATION TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Strategies to prevent COPD/Manage Symptoms/Slow Progression - ✔✔- Increase
physical activity
- Breathing exercises
- Physiotherapy
- Inhalers
- Prevent disease progression
- Smoking cessation
- Improve exercise tolerance
✔✔Tidal Volume - ✔✔Volume of inhaled air in one breath
✔✔Force expiratory volume - ✔✔- % of vital capacity exhaled/time
- Healthy adult: 75-85% in 1 second
- Obstructive lung disease: < 75%
✔✔Orthopnea - ✔✔difficulty breathing in any position other than upright
✔✔Lung Compliance - ✔✔Ability of lungs to expand
✔✔Lung Ventilation - ✔✔Act of driving air in and out of the lungs
✔✔What influences lung compliance? - ✔✔Elastin and collagen fibres
Water content
Surface tension
Collagen prevents alveoli from over expanding
✔✔Diffusion Depends on: - ✔✔Permeability
Surface area
Concentration gradient for gas
, ✔✔Co2 Transport in Blood - ✔✔Transported in form of bicarbonate ion
✔✔Central Chemoreceptors - ✔✔- Measure PCO2 and pH in cerebrospinal fluid
- Increase respiration when PCO2 increases or pH decreases
✔✔Peripheral Chemoreceptors - ✔✔- Measure PO2 in arterial blood
- Increase respiration when PO2 < 60 mmHg
✔✔Prolonged Stimulation of Chemoreceptors - ✔✔- Become less sensitive with time
- If someone has elevated CO2 levels in the blood, the chemoreceptors can get used to
the levels and then quit
✔✔COPD - ✔✔chronic bronchitis + emphysema
✔✔Chronic Bronchitis - ✔✔- Chronic irritation of airways
- Increased number of mucus cells
- Inflammatory infiltration of bronchiolar wall
- Fibrosis of bronchiolar wall
- Productive cough
- Cough for 3 consecutive months over 2 consecutive years
- Hypoxemia
- Hypercapnia
- Increased hematocrit
- Cor pulmonale
✔✔Emphysema - ✔✔- Imbalance of trypsin/antitrypsin activity in alveoli
- Enlargement of air spaces and destruction of lung tissue
- Air trapping
- Work harder to expire
- Respiratory muscles become stronger over time
- Loss of lung tissue
- Mild hypoxemia
- No hypercapnia
✔✔COPD Epidemiology - ✔✔Men > Women
4th most common cause of death
✔✔COPD Risk Factors - ✔✔- Smoking Tobacco
- Genetics
- Inhalation of Irritants
- Frequent childhood respiratory infections
- Old Age
✔✔Pink Puffer - ✔✔- Larger chest
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Strategies to prevent COPD/Manage Symptoms/Slow Progression - ✔✔- Increase
physical activity
- Breathing exercises
- Physiotherapy
- Inhalers
- Prevent disease progression
- Smoking cessation
- Improve exercise tolerance
✔✔Tidal Volume - ✔✔Volume of inhaled air in one breath
✔✔Force expiratory volume - ✔✔- % of vital capacity exhaled/time
- Healthy adult: 75-85% in 1 second
- Obstructive lung disease: < 75%
✔✔Orthopnea - ✔✔difficulty breathing in any position other than upright
✔✔Lung Compliance - ✔✔Ability of lungs to expand
✔✔Lung Ventilation - ✔✔Act of driving air in and out of the lungs
✔✔What influences lung compliance? - ✔✔Elastin and collagen fibres
Water content
Surface tension
Collagen prevents alveoli from over expanding
✔✔Diffusion Depends on: - ✔✔Permeability
Surface area
Concentration gradient for gas
, ✔✔Co2 Transport in Blood - ✔✔Transported in form of bicarbonate ion
✔✔Central Chemoreceptors - ✔✔- Measure PCO2 and pH in cerebrospinal fluid
- Increase respiration when PCO2 increases or pH decreases
✔✔Peripheral Chemoreceptors - ✔✔- Measure PO2 in arterial blood
- Increase respiration when PO2 < 60 mmHg
✔✔Prolonged Stimulation of Chemoreceptors - ✔✔- Become less sensitive with time
- If someone has elevated CO2 levels in the blood, the chemoreceptors can get used to
the levels and then quit
✔✔COPD - ✔✔chronic bronchitis + emphysema
✔✔Chronic Bronchitis - ✔✔- Chronic irritation of airways
- Increased number of mucus cells
- Inflammatory infiltration of bronchiolar wall
- Fibrosis of bronchiolar wall
- Productive cough
- Cough for 3 consecutive months over 2 consecutive years
- Hypoxemia
- Hypercapnia
- Increased hematocrit
- Cor pulmonale
✔✔Emphysema - ✔✔- Imbalance of trypsin/antitrypsin activity in alveoli
- Enlargement of air spaces and destruction of lung tissue
- Air trapping
- Work harder to expire
- Respiratory muscles become stronger over time
- Loss of lung tissue
- Mild hypoxemia
- No hypercapnia
✔✔COPD Epidemiology - ✔✔Men > Women
4th most common cause of death
✔✔COPD Risk Factors - ✔✔- Smoking Tobacco
- Genetics
- Inhalation of Irritants
- Frequent childhood respiratory infections
- Old Age
✔✔Pink Puffer - ✔✔- Larger chest
