BSNC CORE PAPER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SURE A+
✔✔consequences of impaired cognition - ✔✔delerium, , dementia, cognitive
impairment, learning/intellectual disabilities
✔✔Normal Age related changes in the nervous system caninclude all of the following
except which one?
• Changes in sleep patterns
• Delayed reaction time
• Increased perception of pain
• Reduced blood flow to the brain
• Slower reflexes - ✔✔• Increased perception of pain
✔✔what is dementia - ✔✔neurological syndrome characterized by progressive
deterioration in intellectual functions, judgment, thinking, visuospatial skills,
constructional abilities, language, memory, emotions, and behavior. A diagnosis usually
requires the presence of at least three.
✔✔vascular dementia - ✔✔form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of
the flow of blood to the brain
✔✔risk factors for vascular dementia - ✔✔age
genetics
cardio. deseases (ATN, arthersclerosis)
recurrent strokes
diabetes mellitus
smoking/drinking/no exercising
✔✔pathogenesis of vascular dementia - ✔✔damage to a part of the brain
Hemorrhagic: Diseased or weakenedblood vessel can rupture and bleedinto the brain
, Ischemic: Narrowed or blocked blood vessel canimpede blood flow or systemic
hypoperfusion
✔✔neurocognitive domains - ✔✔- Complex attention
- Executive functioning
- Learning and memory
- Language
- Perceptual-motor
- Social cognition
✔✔nonspecific immune response - ✔✔includes skin, passages lined with cilia,
macrophages, inflammatory response, and interferons (proteins that help prevent the
spread of a virus)
✔✔automatic immunity - ✔✔inflammation, swelling, redness
✔✔what can cause an inflammatory response - ✔✔cell injury, invasion of bacteria,
virus, sickness
✔✔acute inflammatory response - ✔✔the body's initial reaction to tissue damage,
bringing blood to the site of injury or infection
local manifestations, vascular phase, cellular phase
✔✔local manifestations of inflammation - ✔✔following tissue injury, inflammatory
mediators (histamine) are released by injured tissue cells and mast cells
✔✔vascular phase of inflammation - ✔✔in response to inflammatory mediators:
1. vasodialation of small blood vessels around the injury site to increase blood flow
2. increased permeability dt retraction of endothelial cells
exudate exit the blood vessels and enter the injured site
✔✔exudate - ✔✔fluid containing leukocytes, proteins, inflam. mediators, and plasma
that leaks from the blood vessels out of the injury site dt increase permeability. Exudate
moving to extracellular space is the cause of edema
✔✔cellular stage - ✔✔White blood cells enter the injured tissue via recruitment and
chemotaxis and promote resolution to inflammation via phagocytosis
✔✔first step of cellular stage - ✔✔recruitment or attraction
1. a. adhesion - leukocytes lie closer to the endothelial wall bc of disturbance of blood
flow
b. markers cause leukocytes to bind to the endothelium (rolling, as the connection is
weak so they fall off and reconnect)
c. firm adhesion
SURE A+
✔✔consequences of impaired cognition - ✔✔delerium, , dementia, cognitive
impairment, learning/intellectual disabilities
✔✔Normal Age related changes in the nervous system caninclude all of the following
except which one?
• Changes in sleep patterns
• Delayed reaction time
• Increased perception of pain
• Reduced blood flow to the brain
• Slower reflexes - ✔✔• Increased perception of pain
✔✔what is dementia - ✔✔neurological syndrome characterized by progressive
deterioration in intellectual functions, judgment, thinking, visuospatial skills,
constructional abilities, language, memory, emotions, and behavior. A diagnosis usually
requires the presence of at least three.
✔✔vascular dementia - ✔✔form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of
the flow of blood to the brain
✔✔risk factors for vascular dementia - ✔✔age
genetics
cardio. deseases (ATN, arthersclerosis)
recurrent strokes
diabetes mellitus
smoking/drinking/no exercising
✔✔pathogenesis of vascular dementia - ✔✔damage to a part of the brain
Hemorrhagic: Diseased or weakenedblood vessel can rupture and bleedinto the brain
, Ischemic: Narrowed or blocked blood vessel canimpede blood flow or systemic
hypoperfusion
✔✔neurocognitive domains - ✔✔- Complex attention
- Executive functioning
- Learning and memory
- Language
- Perceptual-motor
- Social cognition
✔✔nonspecific immune response - ✔✔includes skin, passages lined with cilia,
macrophages, inflammatory response, and interferons (proteins that help prevent the
spread of a virus)
✔✔automatic immunity - ✔✔inflammation, swelling, redness
✔✔what can cause an inflammatory response - ✔✔cell injury, invasion of bacteria,
virus, sickness
✔✔acute inflammatory response - ✔✔the body's initial reaction to tissue damage,
bringing blood to the site of injury or infection
local manifestations, vascular phase, cellular phase
✔✔local manifestations of inflammation - ✔✔following tissue injury, inflammatory
mediators (histamine) are released by injured tissue cells and mast cells
✔✔vascular phase of inflammation - ✔✔in response to inflammatory mediators:
1. vasodialation of small blood vessels around the injury site to increase blood flow
2. increased permeability dt retraction of endothelial cells
exudate exit the blood vessels and enter the injured site
✔✔exudate - ✔✔fluid containing leukocytes, proteins, inflam. mediators, and plasma
that leaks from the blood vessels out of the injury site dt increase permeability. Exudate
moving to extracellular space is the cause of edema
✔✔cellular stage - ✔✔White blood cells enter the injured tissue via recruitment and
chemotaxis and promote resolution to inflammation via phagocytosis
✔✔first step of cellular stage - ✔✔recruitment or attraction
1. a. adhesion - leukocytes lie closer to the endothelial wall bc of disturbance of blood
flow
b. markers cause leukocytes to bind to the endothelium (rolling, as the connection is
weak so they fall off and reconnect)
c. firm adhesion
